太湖沉积物中解磷细菌分布及其与碱性磷酸酶活性的关系

分析了太湖沉积物中解磷细菌的丰度, 测定了不同季节、不同采样点、不同取样深度沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性, 探讨了解磷细菌分布与碱性磷酸酶活性的关系.结果表明,解磷菌在表层沉积物中普遍存在, 随着深度的增加, 数量逐渐减少.解磷菌的种类秋季最多,冬季最少, 但解磷能力较强的菌大部分出现在夏季.碱性磷酸酶活性范围为0.001～0.006 mmol·(g·min)^-1, 酶活性呈现较为明显的季节变动, 不同采样点间酶活性差异较大, 随深度的增加, 碱性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低.各采样点碱性磷酸酶在0～12　cm活性较高且变化较大, 12　cm以下深度酶活性较低, 基本稳定在0.001 mmol·(g·min)^-1左右.沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性与解磷菌数量有一定相关性, 相关系数为0.50～0.85.     

二氧化硫对大鼠肺泡细胞和肺泡灌洗液的生化效应

研究了二氧化硫(SO2)对大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗细胞和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的生化指标的影响。结果表明，吸入SO2后大鼠BALF中肺泡巨噬细胞数量增加、但比例减少，中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞数量和比例均增加，并存在剂量一效应关系；熏气后BALF的pH下降、蛋白质含量和肺通透指数升高，BALF中酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性升高，脂质过氧化水平提高：这些细胞和生物化学指标的改变从不同的方面反映了SO2可引起大鼠肺组织和肺泡细胞的结构和功能的损伤。     

基于土壤水分变化的砷与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性关系探讨

砷作为土壤主要污染元素之一,其毒性受到存在形态等的影响.土壤酶是土壤重要组成部分,但水分对二者关系的影响鲜见报道.本文采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量(WHC)条件下,较为系统地分析了不同水分下土壤有效砷及土壤碱性磷酸酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:外源砷浓度、老化时间是影响土壤有效砷含量的主要因素,且有效砷浓度随老化时间延长降幅减缓,Elovich方程较好表征了二者关系,揭示出水分对土壤有效砷向其他形态转变速率影响的大小顺序为:110%WHC65%WHC35%WHC;干燥(35%WHC)和淹水(110%WHC)导致土壤碱性磷酸酶活性减小;砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,模型U=A/(1+B×C)可较好表征砷浓度(C)与土壤酶活性(U)的关系,揭示出土壤碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征土壤砷污染程度,并反映出其机理为完全抑制作用;计算得到了土壤砷轻度污染的临界浓度Ecological dose 10%(ED10)总砷99 mg·kg-1和有效砷39 mg·kg-1,从侧面表明土壤碱性磷酸酶在土壤砷浓度达到国家土壤质量标准中的二级标准前不会对土壤酶产生严重毒害;水分由于对砷的存在状态等的作用,从而对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性产生重要影响.     

Thermal risk analysis of cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of alkaline catalysts

Many studies have been performed to clarify the basic thermal runaway hazards and kinetics of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) decomposition. However, materials that are incompatible with CHP have not been clearly identified. Alkaline solutions have been used as a catalyst to form dimethylphenyl carbinol (DMPC) and dicumyl peroxide (DCPO); however, these solutions also affect the reaction and storage temperature of CHP. In this study, thermal calorimeters, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vent sizing package 2 (VSP2), were used to compare the effects of various bases on the decomposition of CHP in cumene. Specifically, the exothermic onset temperature, change in pressure over time, self-heating rate and heat of decomposition were evaluated. Moreover, to appraise the degree of hazard associated with the use of CHP, the compatibility of CHP with various substances was analyzed, and a risk matrix for thermal runaway reactions was obtained. The results of the present study could be used to design safety procedures for the production of CHP and its derivatives.     

三峡库区澎溪河不同高程消落带土壤磷形态及磷酸酶活性分布特征

磷酸酶可将有机磷矿化为无机磷,对土壤有机磷转化具有重要作用,然而目前鲜见关于三峡库区消落带土壤磷酸酶及其与磷形态转化的相关报道.研究澎溪河流域落干期不同高程消落带土壤磷形态及磷酸酶活性的分布特征,分析了磷酸酶活性与磷形态之间的相关性及其对磷形态的影响.结果表明,不同高程消落带土壤的H₂ O-P_i、NaHCO₃-P_i和NaOH-P_i含量均高于岸边土壤,生物可酶解磷含量和NaOH-P_o含量随高程增加而升高.冗余分析显示有机质和无定形铁锰含量是影响不同高程土壤有机磷形态的主要原因.消落带土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、磷酸二酯酶（以p-NP计）和植酸酶（以P计）活性均值分别为1.40、2.60、0.44和11.43 μmol ·（g ·h）^-1,且消落带土壤各磷酸酶活性随高程增加而增大,植物量和微生物量差异是导致消落带磷酸酶活性空间分布差异的重要原因.整体上消落带土壤磷酸酶活性与各有机磷形态含量呈显著正相关,而与生物可利用磷含量呈负相关.较高高程消落带土壤磷酸酶活性较高而生物可利用磷含量较低,在淹水初期磷酸酶介导的矿化有机磷为无机磷速率相对较高,向上覆水体释放磷的风险也较大.研究成果有助于全面理解三峡库区消落带土壤磷的地球化学循环.     

环氧氯丙烷生产废水处理工程实例

针对某集团公司排放的环氧氯丙烷生产废水、造纸废水,采用高温碱破对环氧氯丙烷生产废水预处理后,与等体积的造纸废水（经混凝沉淀－厌氧预处理后的排水）形成混合废水,该混合废水采用“水解酸化+卡鲁塞尔氧化沟”组合工艺进行处理。工程实践表明,该组合工艺能够稳定有效处理混合废水,出水水质能达到当地工业园区污水处理厂的排放标准（ρ（COD）≤500 mg/L）,组合工艺处理成本约为5.47元/t,具有处理效果好、运行成本低等优点。     

Growth and alkaline phosphatase activity of Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo in response to phosphorus limitation

The growth and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of two raphidophyceae species Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo were investigated in response to P-limitation and subsequent addition of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, NaH₂PO₄) and two dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds: guanosine 5-monophosphate (GMP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). APA levels increased greatly after P-starvation as the decrease of the cellular phosphorus quotes (Q_p). C. marina responded to P-limitation quickly and strongly, with 10-fold increase in APA within 24 hr after P-starvation. The larger difference between maximal and minimal Q_P values in C. marina indicated its high capacity in P storage. APA of H. akashiwo was maximally enlarged about 2.5 times at 48 hr of P-starvation. After the addition of nutrients, cell numbers of C. marina increased in all treatments including the P-free culture, demonstrating the higher endurance of C. marina to P-limitation. However, those of H. akashiwo increased only in DIP and GMP cultures. APA increased only after the addition of the monophosphate ester GMP. The results suggest that quick responses of C. marina to P-limitation, high capacity in P storage as well as endurance for P-depletion provide this species an ecological advantage in phytoplankton community competition under DIP-limited conditions.     

复合人工湿地系统酶活性及其与污染物净化效果的相关性

构建目前广泛应用的复合垂直流人工湿地系统,从酶学角度探讨湿地主要污染物净化机理。通过对下行流-上行流复合人工湿地和下行流-下行流复合人工湿地2套系统磷酸酶、脲酶活性的测定发现,磷酸酶、脲酶活性随系统流程逐级降低,一级池磷酸酶、脲酶活性较高且日变化较大,同一一级池中磷酸酶、脲酶活性呈显著相关性。系统脲酶活性和TN去除率相关性显著,磷酸酶活性与TP去除率不存在显著相关性,磷酸酶、脲酶活性与COD去除率相关性亦不显著。     

营养盐输入对太湖水体中磷形态转化及藻类生长的影响

外源营养盐输入会对湖泊水体中磷的形态转化及藻类生长产生影响.为研究其影响规律,于春季选取太湖梅梁湾水体为研究对象,以KNO3和K2HPO4添加系列氮磷负荷,在试验过程中对各形态磷的浓度、藻类生物量(Chl-a)和碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)进行同步分析测定.结果表明,春季太湖梅梁湾水体中浮游植物的生长主要受到磷限制,加氮对其生长没有明显的促进作用.加磷至SRP=0.015 mg·L-1的水体中浮游植物生长情况最好,叶绿素a的含量和生长速率(μ)最大.添加硝酸盐能显著促进APA的增长,提高水生生物对磷的吸收利用能力,加快磷循环的速率;磷酸盐对APA则具有活性诱导-抑制机制,当水体中磷酸盐浓度在一定范围内(PO3-4-P≤0.025 mg·L-1)时,酶活性有显著提高.对水体中磷的循环转化过程和碱性磷酸酶的活性诱导-抑制机制的研究结果有助于揭示藻类生长过程中营养盐的补偿途径,为深入揭示藻类暴发机制提供理论基础.     

Application of the comet assay and detection of DNA damage in haemocytes of medicinal leech affected by aluminium pollution: A case study

This report describes an investigation of genotoxic effects in medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) exposed to water and sediment of Lake Njivice (Krk Island, Croatia) contaminated by aluminium compounds. The levels of primary DNA damage in leech haemocytes and loss of DNA integrity caused by acute and chronic exposure to contaminated water and sediment were investigated using the alkaline comet assay. Genotoxic effects induced by acute exposure to contaminants were evaluated on leech haemocytes and blood cells of fish and mouse treated ex vivo. The effects of chronic exposure were assessed on haemocytes sampled from an animal kept under laboratory conditions on contaminated water and sediment for 180 days. The results indicate the DNA damaging potential of aluminium compounds present in an excess amount in tested samples.