长江口潮滩表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性及其影响因素

以长江口潮滩作为研究区域,对表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性、解磷微生物量、磷组分及理化性质的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,长江口潮滩湿地沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著的季节性、区域性差异,冬季（1月）碱性磷酸酶活性较低,介于0.65～1.59μg.g-.1h-1之间;夏季（8、9月份）最高,变化范围为1.80～5.64...     

Discriminant analysis for assessing the value of amniotic fluid microvillar enzymes in the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

We have analysed the sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of biochemical diagnosis based on microvillar membrane enzyme assay and using discriminant analysis in amniotic fluid samples obtained from 54 pregnancies at high risk for cystic fibrosis and 125 normal pregnancies. Our results show that amniotic fluid trehalase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and gamma-glutamyltransferase enzyme activities measured during 16–20 gestational weeks, in spite of their non-specificity for cystic fibrosis, have a very good predictive value for fetal cystic fibrosis or exclude the possibility of the disease. Overall enzyme activity analysis provided over 90 per cent reliability of the method.     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中水解酶活性变化研究

为评价超声波促进污泥好氧/缺氧消化的作用,采用频率28 kHz,声能密度为0.15 kW.L-1和超声时间10 min的超声参数与好氧/缺氧消化衔接,研究了污泥的SS、VSS及水解酶活性(淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶)在消化过程中的变化趋势,同时以未经超声处理的消化污泥作为对照.结果表明,经过超声波-好氧/缺氧消化13 d,VSS去除率为44.3%,高出对照污泥14.9%.污泥中水解酶活性随消化天数增加呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,其中超声污泥的淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶活性在第5 d达到峰值,此时VSS淀粉酶活性为0.104μmol.g-1,葡萄糖苷酶活性为0.637μmol.g-1.超声污泥中胞内蛋白酶和胞外蛋白酶在第7 d达到峰值,胞内蛋白酶活性为23.68μmol.g-1,远远大于胞外蛋白酶,在污泥消化过程中起主导作用.超声污泥中酸性磷酸酶活性高于对照污泥,而碱性磷酸酶对环境改变较为敏感,超声波预处理改变污泥内部性质,导致碱性磷酸酶活性减少.     

白泥对填埋场垃圾降解的影响实验研究

在4个相同的密封聚乙烯塑料罐中,分别装填相同组分和重量的青岛市居民区的生活垃圾,并且在4个罐中按不同比例添加白泥,与垃圾混合均匀。实验模拟填埋场的环境条件。定期监测4个罐渗滤液的水质变化,分析比较白泥的添加及添加量的多少对渗滤液的衰减的影响。实验结果表明,白泥的添加能够向反应系统提供一定数量的碱度,可以防止反应系统因出现酸过度累积而受到抑制,在一定程度上加快了垃圾的降解进程。这不仅对于减轻渗滤液处理设施的负荷、加速填埋场的稳定化起着积极作用,而且可以为白泥的资源化利用提供一个可行的途径。     

Waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification: A comparison between sodium hydroxide and steel slag addition

Alkaline treatment with steel slag and NaOH addition were investigated under different pH conditions for the fermentation of waste activated sludge. Better performance was achieved in steel slag addition scenarios for both sludge hydrolysis and acidification. More solubilization of organic matters and much production of higher VFA (volatile fatty acid) in a shorter time can be achieved at pH 10 when adjusted by steel slag. Higher enzyme activities were also observed in steel slag addition scenarios under the same pH conditions. Phosphorus concentration in the supernatant increased with fermentation time and pH in NaOH addition scenarios, while in contrast most phosphorus was released and captured by steel slag simultaneously in steel slag addition scenarios. These results suggest that steel slag can be used as a substitute for NaOH in sludge alkaline treatment.     

太湖沉积物中解磷细菌分布及其与碱性磷酸酶活性的关系

分析了太湖沉积物中解磷细菌的丰度, 测定了不同季节、不同采样点、不同取样深度沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的活性, 探讨了解磷细菌分布与碱性磷酸酶活性的关系.结果表明,解磷菌在表层沉积物中普遍存在, 随着深度的增加, 数量逐渐减少.解磷菌的种类秋季最多,冬季最少, 但解磷能力较强的菌大部分出现在夏季.碱性磷酸酶活性范围为0.001～0.006 mmol·(g·min)^-1, 酶活性呈现较为明显的季节变动, 不同采样点间酶活性差异较大, 随深度的增加, 碱性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低.各采样点碱性磷酸酶在0～12　cm活性较高且变化较大, 12　cm以下深度酶活性较低, 基本稳定在0.001 mmol·(g·min)^-1左右.沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性与解磷菌数量有一定相关性, 相关系数为0.50～0.85.     

混凝法处理ADC发泡剂废水的研究

研究用碱式PAC和PAM处理发泡剂废水,考察了酸度、碱式PAC的用量、搅拌时间、PAM的用量、温度对CODCr去除的影响.实验结果表明:调解废水pH值在5～7之间,能够沉降大部分的悬浮物,出水澄清,CODCr明显降低;废水中加入的碱式PAC最佳量在1 700 mg·L-1,出水水质最好;搅拌时间20 min以上,出水水质基本稳定.     

Effect of Trichoderma viride biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the primary pathways of nitrogen(N) loss from soils after chemical fertilizer is applied, especially from the alkaline soils in Northern China, which results in lower efficiency for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an incubation experiment using an alkaline soil from Tianjin(p H 8.37–8.43) to evaluate the suppression effect of Trichoderma viride(T. viride) biofertilizer on NH3 volatilization, and compared the differences in microbial community structure among all samples. The results showed that viable T. viride biofertilizer(T) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 42.21% compared with conventional fertilizer((CK), urea), while nonviable T. viride biofertilizer(TS) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 32.42%. NH_3 volatilization was significantly higher in CK and sweet potato starch wastewater(SPSW) treatments during the peak period. T. viride biofertilizer also improved the transfer of ammonium from soil to sweet sorghum. Plant dry weights increased 91.23% and 61.08% for T and TS, respectively, compared to CK. Moreover, T. viride biofertilizer enhanced nitrification by increasing the abundance of ammonium-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB). The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure and composition were significantly changed by the application of T. viride biofertilizer. This study demonstrated the immense potential of T. viride biofertilizer in reducing NH_3 volatilization from alkaline soil and simultaneously improving the utilization of fertilizer N by sweet sorghum.     

上覆水中磷质量浓度对磷在青萍-上覆水-沉积物中分配的影响

通过模拟培养实验,研究了上覆水中ρ(磷)对磷在青萍处理系统中的青萍-上覆水-沉积物之间分配的影响.结果表明:随着培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)的增加青萍吸收的磷量呈增加趋势;培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)对沉积物中的碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响;上覆水和沉积物之间磷的分配主要与二者之间磷含量差有关系,且上覆水中的可溶性磷含量越低,沉积物碱性磷酸酶的活性越高;培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)≤0.5 mg/L时,沉积物中的磷含量呈减少趋势;培养前上覆水中ρ(磷)为2～50 mg/L时,沉积物中的磷含量呈增加趋势.      

基于土壤水分变化的砷与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性关系探讨

砷作为土壤主要污染元素之一,其毒性受到存在形态等的影响.土壤酶是土壤重要组成部分,但水分对二者关系的影响鲜见报道.本文采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量(WHC)条件下,较为系统地分析了不同水分下土壤有效砷及土壤碱性磷酸酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:外源砷浓度、老化时间是影响土壤有效砷含量的主要因素,且有效砷浓度随老化时间延长降幅减缓,Elovich方程较好表征了二者关系,揭示出水分对土壤有效砷向其他形态转变速率影响的大小顺序为:110%WHC65%WHC35%WHC;干燥(35%WHC)和淹水(110%WHC)导致土壤碱性磷酸酶活性减小;砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,模型U=A/(1+B×C)可较好表征砷浓度(C)与土壤酶活性(U)的关系,揭示出土壤碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征土壤砷污染程度,并反映出其机理为完全抑制作用;计算得到了土壤砷轻度污染的临界浓度Ecological dose 10%(ED10)总砷99 mg·kg-1和有效砷39 mg·kg-1,从侧面表明土壤碱性磷酸酶在土壤砷浓度达到国家土壤质量标准中的二级标准前不会对土壤酶产生严重毒害;水分由于对砷的存在状态等的作用,从而对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性产生重要影响.