华北平原土壤肥力的变化与影响因素分析

通过对２０世纪以来华北平原土壤调查数据的分析对比,揭示了从传统农业向现代农业转变的过程中土壤肥力的变化。从总体上看,冀北地区的土壤肥力有所下降,而冀南和鲁西北地区有所上升。影响肥力变化的因子包括河流治理、施肥、高产品种使用后种植制度和土地利用程度的变化等等。     

水土流失地区农田可持续利用的评价模型研究

通过水土流失地区不同农业生产方式对土地质量及土壤生产力的影响研究,探讨不同作物及其不同的种植方式对农田可持续利用的评价预测模型及土地资源利用的价值核算方法。通过对山西省闻喜县的案例应用验证,表明了在农业可持续发展研究中应用的可行性。     

长江三角洲农牧系统结构的区域差异及空间位移研究

调整农业结构,实现农业增效、农民增收农业可持续发展,以确保中国中长期食物安全,是中国目前和未来农业和农村工作的重点。农业结构的调整,必须建立在对系统整体认识的基础上,必须符合系统结构本身的演变规律。为此,作者于1996－1999年,以中国经济发达的长江三角洲农区为例,通过资料调研、专家咨询、农户调查、实地考察和试验等手段。对该区1980－1997年以来71个县市的农业生产进行了全面的调查。利用基于GIS的农牧系统综合评价系统,对长江三角洲农牧系统结构的区域差异和空间布局变化进行了全面分析。结果显示,长江三角洲农牧系统结构存在显著的空间梯度差异,布局上出现了明显的空间位移,农业重心开始向南北推移。棉花、小麦和玉米均向北部集中,生猪和家禽向北部和中部的东北部集中,农业生产呈现出显著的区域性专业化布局格式。     

耕作历史和种植制度对绿洲农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

耕作历史和种植方式是影响黑河绿洲农田土壤总有机碳及其组成的重要因素。研究结果显示,随着耕作时间的延长,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)、惰性有机碳(NOC)的含量均呈增加趋势,但AOC、NOC的增幅存在差异,AOC因性质活泼,对农业活动等措施引起的变化较NOC有较快响应,因此,在耕作的初期(0~5 a),AOC的增幅高于NOC,而20 a的耕地NOC增幅大于AOC,之后达到AOC与NOC的增幅接近(>100 a)的动态发展趋势,表明总有机碳含量积累的过程是AOC与NOC增幅逐渐接近、NOC积累增速的过程。>100 a的耕地,因种植方式不同,剖面上TOC、AOC、NOC含量呈现出:油菜地>普通玉米地>制种玉米地>小麦地。分析发现,绿洲区近年来大面积种植制种玉米引起TOC、AOC、NOC发生改变,增加秸秆或牲畜粪便的归还量是提高土壤有机碳的有效途径。     

种植不同冬季作物对稻田甲烷、氧化亚氮排放和土壤微生物的影响

研究双季稻收获后填闲种植不同冬季作物在其生长季节内甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田、发展冬季作物生产及合理评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬季免耕直播黑麦草、紫云英和冬闲的双季稻田中CH4和N2O排放及其相关微生物数量变化进行了分析。在冬季作物生长期,不同冬季作物稻田CH4和N2O排放通量均显著高于对照（冬闲）,CH4和N2O排放通量均表现为免耕直播黑麦草〉免耕直播紫云英〉冬闲;免耕直播黑麦草和紫云英处理稻田CH4排放量分别为2.28和1.07 g·m^-2,分别比对照增加241.92%和60.63%;N2O排放量分别为0.59和0.48 g·m^-2,分别比对照增加71.93%和40.06%;各处理稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌的数量变化范围分别为0.33×10^2 163.37×10^2 cfu·g^-1、11.05×10^3~245.68×10^3 cfu·g^-1、3.21×10^3~178.26×10^3 cfu·g^-1和10.47×10^5~198.88×10^5 cfu·g-1,免耕直播黑麦草和紫云英处理稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均显著高于冬闲,其中免耕直播黑麦草处理稻田土壤的产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌和硝化细菌数量显著高于免耕直播紫云英处理,而免耕直播紫云英处理稻田土壤反硝化细菌的数量则显著高于免耕直播黑麦草处理。研究结果显示,种植不同冬季作物能促进稻田生态系统中CH4和N2O的排放,而这两种气体的排放量与稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量变化密切相关。     

中国农田固碳减排发展现状及其战略对策

自20世纪80年代以来,农田固碳减排的动态变化日益成为全球的研究热点,它对于正确评价农业产业对全球气候变化的影响具有重要的理论意义。采取农业分区的方法,将我国划分为4个不同的农业区,并从区域植被覆盖、地理气候、品种、土壤性质、种植制度和施肥情况等方面,综合分析了各区域农田固碳减排的基本现状。通过对我国农田固碳减排的各个影响因素进行系统阐述,探明了耕作措施、水田种植面积、秸秆还田、施肥情况、轮作制度、土地利用方式和农田生态系统等是影响我国农田固碳减排的主要关键因素。同时,针对目前我国农田固碳减排的基本状况,提出了适合我国农田固碳减排的主要对策。文章认为,应从加强农田碳循环和土壤碳汇效应、合理调整农田土地利用结构、加强农田管理技术体系创新、加强农田生物固碳减排技术研究和注重降低农业生产温室气体的排放等方面开展系统研究,从而进一步增强农田的土壤固碳能力和减少温室气体的排放,达到我国农田固碳减排的最终目的。     

Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

混作在黄土母质生土改良中的应用

以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究小麦与3种豆科牧草及油菜混作对根际土壤生物活性及土壤营养的影响.结果表明,黄土母质生土混作较单作可显著促进根际土壤微生物的繁衍、酶活性及土壤营养的提高,且在混作根土系统中,三大微生物种群数量、多种土壤酶活性以及土壤N、P、有机质营养之间均存在显著或极显著的正向相关关系.4种混作处理以豌/麦根际土壤综合效应较好,可作为生土改良的首选混播作物.结果还显示,在小麦生长期内,混作根际微生物数量与酶活性及根际土壤营养均随生育进程呈前低—中高—后低的抛物线变化.研究为混作复合群体应用于黄土母质生土地改良提供了理论参考.图3表1参23     

秸秆还田对连作棉田土壤酶活性的影响

新疆棉区普遍实行秸秆还田,棉田土壤酶活性受到连作障碍的负面效应与长期秸秆还田培肥地力的正面效应的双重影响;通过定点微区实验,对比秸秆还田和未秸秆还田土壤酶活性的变化趋势,研究连作条件下秸秆还田与否对棉田土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：实行秸秆还田后,土壤脲酶活性随着连作年限的延长先降后升,连作不超过10 a,土壤脲酶活性呈现下降趋势,超过10 a逐渐上升;实行秸秆还田后蔗糖酶活性在R5和R10处理较R1有较大幅度的下降,降幅分别为48.4%和44.8%,连作10 a后蔗糖酶活性增强,土壤状况趋于好转;过氧化氢酶活性随连作年限的延长先降低后升高,短期连作土壤过氧化氢酶活性较低,过氧化氢分解受阻,影响棉花的正常生长,连作年限超过10 a过氧化氢酶活性升高,解毒能力较强,加快分解过氧化氢,有利于减轻过氧化氢的毒害作用;过氧化物酶活性随着连作年限的延长持续上升,其中R5、R10、R15和R20过氧化物酶活性分别比R1增加了4.8%、7.9%、19%和29.6%。     

晋南两熟半干旱区“粮药”(半夏)农田生态抗旱耕作模式效益研究

采用大田试验,设计冬小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)在春季起身后套作半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.](小麦/半夏)、冬油菜(Brassica campestris L.)收获后复播半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.](油菜-半夏)和春玉米(Zea mays L.)与半夏[Pinellia ternata(Thunb.)Breit.]间作(玉米+半夏)3种耕作模式,探讨晋南两熟半干旱区适宜半夏的粮药耕作模式。结果表明:与油菜-半夏、玉米+半夏耕作模式相比,小麦/半夏耕作模式经济产量最高,生态效益最好;不同半夏品种中,西河半夏(原产地温度相对最低)产量最高,新绛半夏(原产地温度相对较高)产量最低。表明半夏适宜于从低温地区引种到高温地区栽培,可提高产量。与商洛半夏和新绛半夏相比,西河半夏分别增产19.1%和41.9%;小麦/半夏耕作模式为最佳粮药耕作模式,其半夏产量与油菜-半夏和玉米+半夏耕作模式相比,分别增产53.4%和70.8%。