A study on the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance, and Regional Nitrogen Flow Through Crop Production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 108 kg ha^–1 year^–1 and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from –30 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 101 kg ha^–1 year^–1. Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at –55 kg ha^–1 as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha^–1 as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil–water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.     

川中浅丘农区坡地林农复合系统作物复种方式的综合效益评价

从能量转换效益、价值转换效益方面，对坡地林农复会系统１０种农作物复种方式进行了研究，并用层次分析法（ＡＨＰ）对各复种方式进行综合效益评价。结果表明，１０种复种方式中，小麦一花生的综合效益最高，５种复种方式较高，其余则较低。据此，提出了系列改进措施，供生产中应用。     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

烟田土壤环境保护探讨

文章分析烟区土壤环境问题的基础上,认为土壤有机质及耕作制度对烟区土壤保护有重要意义,提出建立以烟为主的耕作制度、持续施用有机质肥,完善烟田设施等三项土壤环境保护措施。     

植物混种原位修复多环芳烃污染农田土壤

通过比较实验前后土壤微生物主要类群数量、PAHs降解菌数量、土壤PAHs含量和植物不同部位PAHs含量变化,评价植物单种和混种野外原位修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染农田土壤的效果。结果显示,150 d天生长期内,黑麦草/小麦混种及黑麦草/蚕豆混种修复效果最好,对土壤PAHs总量的降解率分别达到了59.4%和64.8%。同时,这2个混种处理土壤细菌、真菌和PAHs降解菌数量分别显著高于相应的小麦、蚕豆和黑麦草单种处理。植物不同部位PAHs含量高低次序为根部>茎叶≈籽粒。混种模式下,蚕豆和小麦不同部位PAHs含量比单种模式的不同程度降低,特别是籽粒部。植物混种模式不仅显著提高了土壤PAHs的降解率,还降低了农作物体内PAHs含量,实现了边生产边修复,在污染农田土壤修复领域有着广阔的应用前景。     

稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对有机质和全氮的影响

通过２５季种植的长期定位试验,研究了稻麦轮作条件下不同耕作方式和培肥制度对土壤有机质和全氮质量分数的影响。免耕土壤０～５ ｃｍ土层的有机质和全氮质量分数稍高于耕翻土壤; ５～１５ ｃｍ的则有低于耕翻的趋势; １５～３０ ｃｍ的无明显规律。长期休闲的土壤在整个耕层有明显的有机质和氨素累积,其中碳的累积快于氮的累积,免耕条件下比耕翻条件下累积量更大。 ０～５ ｃｍ和５～１５ ｃｍ土层有机肥与无机肥配施的处理,其有机质和全氮质量分数均显著高于单施化肥处理和不施肥处理,但均低于休闲处理; １５～３０ ｃｍ土层各培肥处理则无明显差异;单施化肥的土壤有机质和全氮质量分数高于不施肥处理,但这种差异只在表层（ ０～５ ｃｍ）较显著。     

冬作季节土壤水分状况对稻田CH_4排放的影响

温室盆栽试验表明,冬作季节土壤持续淹水处理（淹水）稻田平均ＣＨ４ 排放通量显著高于干燥处理（干燥）,前者是后者的５．５８ 倍（１９９６ 年）和４．１６ 倍（１９９７ 年）。冬作季节土壤水分状况明显影响土壤Ｅｈ 和ＣＨ４ 排放的季节变化。淹水处理土壤Ｅｈ 在整个水稻生长期皆处于适宜ＣＨ４ 产生的水平,所以整个水稻生长期皆有ＣＨ４ 排放（经历烤田后例外）,而干燥处理水稻移栽４２ ｄ 后土壤Ｅｈ 才降为负值,在此期间几乎没有ＣＨ４ 排放。     

基于遗传算法和GIS的县域水田种植制度空间布局优化

采用种植模式对县级尺度的作物进行空间配置,能够较好地解决作物空间布局中熟制比例不当、茬口不适宜等问题。种植制度空间布局优化的目的在于通过合理配置种植模式的空间位置,以充分利用并保护当地的自然资源和社会资源。其本质是一种具有自然、社会、耕作制度等多方面影响因素及空间特征的组合优化问题。传统的优化算法解决具有空间特征的组合优化问题效率很低,或者难以解决该类问题。遗传算法是一种新的智能优化算法,通过模拟自然进化过程,利用简单的编码技术和遗传操作高效地解决复杂的组合优化问题。提出了一种以GIS为平台,遗传算法为优化模型的县域种植制度空间布局优化方法。     

全球气候变化背景下吉林省生长季水热变化及其种植策略研究

论文旨在揭示全球气候变化背景下,吉林省平原地区和林区的低、 中、 高海拔地区生长季水热变化规律,并据此提出各地区作物种植调整途径。研究结果表明:平原地区生长季积温增加和生长季长度延长及初日提前、 终日延后的变化最大,种植策略的调整空间最大;林区中、 高海拔地区的生长季长度和积温变化大于低海拔地区,三个海拔地区生长季长度的变化主要是生长季终日延后贡献的。以玉米种植为例,平原地区可提前播种时间,延后收获时间,改种晚熟品种代替中晚熟品种;为躲避严重的春旱,其西部地区可延后播种时间,仍然种植中晚熟品种。林区低海拔地区玉米种植以中晚熟品种代替中熟品种,林区中海拔地区用中早熟、 中熟品种代替早熟、 中早熟品种,林区高海拔地区可用中早熟品种代替极早、 早熟品种,三个地区主要通过延后收获时间,达到作物成熟所需热量。     

气候变暖对长江中下游地区热量资源分布的影响分析

利用1960—2010年长江中下游地区90个气象站日平均气温资料,运用线性倾向估计等方法,对近51 a来≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及其持续天数和起止日期的时空分布特征进行分析,以了解气候变暖对该区热量资源分布的影响。结果表明:近51 a来长江中下游地区气温持续增暖,回归系数达0.21 ℃/10 a,略低于同期中国的增温速率(0.27 ℃/10 a),且与各项热量资源指标有显著的相关性。随着气候变暖,≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及持续天数普遍显著增加,是受起始日期提前和终止日期延后的共同影响,而前者的影响更明显。21世纪00年代起北亚热带和中亚热带在长江中下游地区北移特征显著,明显与20世纪90年代以前的界线拉开了距离;20世纪90年代以后,一年三熟制种植北界和双季稻可种植区北界明显北移,21世纪00年代与19世纪60年代相比,其平均移动幅度超过2个纬距。