植物混种原位修复多环芳烃污染农田土壤

通过比较实验前后土壤微生物主要类群数量、PAHs降解菌数量、土壤PAHs含量和植物不同部位PAHs含量变化,评价植物单种和混种野外原位修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染农田土壤的效果。结果显示,150 d天生长期内,黑麦草/小麦混种及黑麦草/蚕豆混种修复效果最好,对土壤PAHs总量的降解率分别达到了59.4%和64.8%。同时,这2个混种处理土壤细菌、真菌和PAHs降解菌数量分别显著高于相应的小麦、蚕豆和黑麦草单种处理。植物不同部位PAHs含量高低次序为根部>茎叶≈籽粒。混种模式下,蚕豆和小麦不同部位PAHs含量比单种模式的不同程度降低,特别是籽粒部。植物混种模式不仅显著提高了土壤PAHs的降解率,还降低了农作物体内PAHs含量,实现了边生产边修复,在污染农田土壤修复领域有着广阔的应用前景。     

气候变暖对长江中下游地区热量资源分布的影响分析

利用1960—2010年长江中下游地区90个气象站日平均气温资料,运用线性倾向估计等方法,对近51 a来≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及其持续天数和起止日期的时空分布特征进行分析,以了解气候变暖对该区热量资源分布的影响。结果表明:近51 a来长江中下游地区气温持续增暖,回归系数达0.21 ℃/10 a,略低于同期中国的增温速率(0.27 ℃/10 a),且与各项热量资源指标有显著的相关性。随着气候变暖,≥0 ℃和≥10 ℃积温及持续天数普遍显著增加,是受起始日期提前和终止日期延后的共同影响,而前者的影响更明显。21世纪00年代起北亚热带和中亚热带在长江中下游地区北移特征显著,明显与20世纪90年代以前的界线拉开了距离;20世纪90年代以后,一年三熟制种植北界和双季稻可种植区北界明显北移,21世纪00年代与19世纪60年代相比,其平均移动幅度超过2个纬距。     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对有机质和全氮的影响

通过２５季种植的长期定位试验,研究了稻麦轮作条件下不同耕作方式和培肥制度对土壤有机质和全氮质量分数的影响。免耕土壤０～５ ｃｍ土层的有机质和全氮质量分数稍高于耕翻土壤; ５～１５ ｃｍ的则有低于耕翻的趋势; １５～３０ ｃｍ的无明显规律。长期休闲的土壤在整个耕层有明显的有机质和氨素累积,其中碳的累积快于氮的累积,免耕条件下比耕翻条件下累积量更大。 ０～５ ｃｍ和５～１５ ｃｍ土层有机肥与无机肥配施的处理,其有机质和全氮质量分数均显著高于单施化肥处理和不施肥处理,但均低于休闲处理; １５～３０ ｃｍ土层各培肥处理则无明显差异;单施化肥的土壤有机质和全氮质量分数高于不施肥处理,但这种差异只在表层（ ０～５ ｃｍ）较显著。     

旱三熟带状轮作小春预留行栽油菜技术

本文根据南充地区冬春气候特点,并针对旱地实行的中厢分带间套种植小春预留行未充分利用的状况,从1984年开始在预留行进行了栽油菜研究。结果表明,一般亩增菜籽30～40kg,增加产值34～45元,纯收入21～32元,并找出了适于预留行栽植的油菜品种和配套栽培技术。     

生物炭对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群的影响

为明确生物炭施入后对西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群的长期影响,以西瓜成熟期根区土壤为研究对象,借助Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术和 FUNGuild平台,探究不同用量（7.5、15.0和30.0 t·hm^-2）生物炭施用3 a后西瓜连作土壤真菌群落组成、多样性及功能的差异,并分析土壤环境因子与真菌群落结构间的关联性.结果表明,添加生物炭3 a后提高了土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾、全氮、有机质和阳离子交换量,降低了土壤碱解氮含量.生物炭的施用改变了西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构,提高了土壤真菌的丰富度和多样性.所有土壤样本共获得922个OTU,子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门为优势真菌类群,占土壤真菌群落的85.70 %~92.45 %,生物炭的施入降低了子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,增加了被孢菌门和球囊菌门的相对丰度;属水平上,随着生物炭的施用,被孢霉属和囊根壶菌属的相对丰度增加,而镰刀菌属相对丰度降低.Mantel检验分析发现,速效钾、碱解氮、有机质和pH是影响土壤真菌群落结构的主要环境因子.真菌主要营养类型为腐生营养型、病理营养型和共生营养型,中、高剂量生物炭处理显著降低了土壤中病理营养型真菌的相对丰度,显著增加了共生营养型真菌的相对丰度.综上,生物炭施用3 a后可改变西瓜连作土壤理化性质,促进土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群向健康有益方向发展.     

高效液相色谱法检测与化感现象相关的5种酚酸

建立了香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸、丁香酸、香豆酸和阿魏酸等5种酚酸的高效液相色谱测定方法,利用本方法在土壤溶液和残茬腐解产物中进行5种酚酸的检测,结果表明,大豆生长一段时间后,在灭菌土壤中、未灭菌土壤中和不同茬口的土壤中,均检测到丁香酸,在残茬腐解产物中检测到香草酸、丁香酸、香豆酸和阿魏酸。     

Agricultural Adaptation to Drought for Different Cropping Systems in Southern China under Climate Change

This study investigates agricultural adaptation to drought for different cropping systems in southern China. The study area was divided into three regions: South China (SC), South of the Yangtze River (SYR), and Southwest China (SWC). An index of agricultural adaptation to drought (D) was established. Our findings indicated that the average total crop water demand varied greatly among the regions from 1961 to 2010 in southern China. The maximum value was found in the SC region, followed by the SYR and SWC regions. The effects of droughts on different crops were noticeable. Frequent droughts were recorded in late rice than in early rice in the SC and SYR regions. Droughts in the SWC region mainly affected winter wheat. Moreover, the effects of droughts on crops varied during different growth stages. More frequent and serious droughts occurred during the crop critical flowering stage. Particularly, the frequency of moderate and severe droughts for late rice in the SYR region was 62% during the critical flowering stage. For the SC and SYR regions, the D values of early rice (0.29 and 0.29) were lower than that of late rice (0.31 and 0.33), respectively. For the SWC region, the D values of winter wheat and rice were both low, with averages of 0.16 and 0.29, respectively. Our study provides interesting insights for improving the drought defense abilities for different cropping systems by changing crop planting proportion on a regional scale in China.     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳组分特征及其与理化因子的相关性

开展绿洲连作棉田土壤有机碳组分研究,有助于阐明干旱区农田土壤有机碳稳定性机制在人地关系作用下变化特征.以塔里木盆地北缘阿拉尔垦区为研究区,以空间代替时间序列法分析了2、5、12、20和35 a等不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量特征,结合冗余分析探讨了土壤有机碳组分与土壤其它理化因子（含水量、容重、pH值、全盐、全氮、有效磷和速效钾）的相互关系,结果表明：①不同年限的连作对研究区土壤有机碳组分含量具有显著影响,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量整体表现为连作12、20和35 a棉田高于连作2 a、5 a棉田和荒草地,ω（土壤有机碳）在20 a棉田达到峰值（7.06g ·kg^-1）,高出荒草地76.91%,各土壤有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而下降.②基于对土壤有机碳组分含量与土壤其它理化因子的冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳组分含量与全氮、有效磷和含水量呈正相关关系,与pH值和容重呈负相关关系.土壤其它理化因子对土壤有机碳组分含量解释的重要性排序为：全氮>有效磷>pH值>容重>含水量>速效钾>全盐.     

中国旱作农田一氧化氮排放及减排:Meta分析

农田是大气污染物一氧化氮（NO）的主要排放源之一.与水稻田相比,旱作农田NO排放量和排放系数高,但其异质性及影响因素尚不明确.目前,我国农田NO排放和减排的研究以原位观测为主,缺乏系统的整合（Meta）分析.通过收集文献数据,定量分析玉米-冬小麦、水稻-冬小麦旱地阶段、蔬菜、茶园和果园等旱作体系NO排放量和排放系数的异质性及主要影响因素;定量评价减量施氮、有机肥替代化肥、配施新型增效氮肥和施用生物质炭等管理措施对NO排放量和排放系数的影响.收集相关文献共计49篇（发表于2006~2021年）.结果表明,玉麦轮作、茶园和果园体系年排放量平均值分别为1.44、7.45和0.92 kg ·hm^-2,在这3个体系间有显著性差异（P<0.05）,稻麦轮作旱地阶段和蔬菜季节排放量平均值分别为2.13 kg ·hm^-2和2.09 kg ·hm^-2.在玉麦轮作、稻麦轮作旱地阶段和茶园体系中,NO排放量均与施氮量呈正相关关系（P<0.01）,但在蔬菜和果园体系中二者无显著相关性.玉麦轮作、稻麦轮作旱地阶段、蔬菜、茶园和果园体系排放系数平均值分别为0.31%、0.71%、0.96%、1.74%和0.13%,除玉麦轮作分别与稻麦轮作旱地阶段和蔬菜体系间的差异不显著外（P>0.05）,在其余体系间均有显著性差异（P<0.01）.由于各体系间排放系数差异大,在编制区域或全国农田NO排放清单时,有必要对各作物体系采用不同的排放系数.减量施氮仅在减氮比例高于25%时可显著降低NO排放量（36%）,但对排放系数的影响不显著.由于减氮比例过高可能会造成作物减产,尚需进一步确定既不影响作物产量又降低NO排放的减氮比例.有机肥替代化肥在土壤有机碳含量低［ω（SOC）<15 g ·kg^-1］或酸性（pH<7）条件下以及配施新型增效氮肥在玉麦轮作农田中可显著降低NO排放量（-46%~-38%）和排放系数（-62%~-45%）,施用生物质炭的影响不显著.可为不同田间条件下分别采取有效的NO减排措施提供依据.