Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.     

芳烃石油树脂生产的环境保护

乙烯装置的副产品在综合利用中存在着严重的环境污染问题。中原油田采取了一些措施。用催化剂对生产尾气进行吸收,将有毒的氟化物转化为钙盐用于磷肥生产;将石油树脂聚合液中BF3脱除,防止对大气、水进行污染;用冷却回收工艺对减压蒸馏放空的芳烃气体进行处理。通过上述治理大大改善了企业的环境,有效地防止了环境污染。     

焦化废水生物出水溶解性有机物特性光谱表征

利用非离子型DAX-8树脂和离子型交换树脂对某焦化废水二级生物出水溶解性有机物(DOM)进行组分分离,从溶解性有机碳(DOC)、紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等4个方面对组分进行光谱学分析与特征识别.结果显示,疏水性酸性物质(Ho A)、亲水性酸性物质(Hi A)和亲水性中性物质(Hi N)为DOM的主要组分,其DOC含量占总DOC的39.88%、20.85%、25.38%;DOM主要含有单环芳香族化合物或共轭双键类化合物成分,类腐殖质物质和类富里酸物质是DOM的特征有机物;低分子量有机物在亲水性物质组分(HIS)中含量最高,E2 54/E3 65=3.89,E445/E665=1.91,SR=0.926均证明了这一点;亲水性碱性组分(Hi B)组分UV254占比为32%,SUVA值为49.94 L·mg-1·cm-1,不饱和物质和芳香性物质含量最高,芳香化程度最高;Ho A的E300/E400值为2.58,腐化程度最高,组分中含有类富里酸物质.DOM光谱分析能够提供组分中亲疏水性物质的比例、芳香性高低、分子量、发色团及有机基团等信息,可以作为判断废水特征的参考依据.     

基于腐植酸模板的壳聚糖/凹土树脂吸附性能研究

以腐植酸为模板,采用乳化交联法制备腐植酸模板交联壳聚糖/凹土复合树脂(HA-CS/ATP),用于水源水中天然有机物腐植酸(HA)的去除.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重分析等方法对树脂进行表征,对树脂理化性能进行评价;对腐植酸的吸附性能进行研究;研究结果表明,与CSR相比较,HA-CS/ATP吸附量从36.57 mg/g提高到83.25 mg/g.凹土的加入提高了复合树脂的吸附量;树脂可实现再生利用.     

北京城区大气氮湿沉降特征研究

采用离子交换树脂法研究2012年6~10月北京五环内城区大气中不同形态氮在不同月份环路(五环、四环、三环和二环)以及功能区(文教区、环路、生活区、火车站和公园)的湿沉降差异,探索城市区域内不同形态氮在时间、空间和功能区上沉降的特征.结果表明氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的沉降均体现出明显的时间特征.其中,在研究时段内,氨氮和硝态氮沉降均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,7月达到最大值;亚硝态氮沉降呈现出先降低后上升的趋势,9月达到最大值.大气氨氮和硝态氮沉降量受到降雨量的影响显著(P<0.05).在空间沉降特性方面,氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮在不同环路上沉降没有显著的差别,环路和火车站等功能区氮沉降高于其它功能区.     

颗粒状大孔阴树脂去除有机物以及缓解膜污染的效果与机制

采用颗粒状大孔阴树脂和混凝作为微滤膜的预处理,考察它们去除有机物以及缓解膜污染的效果和机制.结果表明,树脂可有效去除中等和小分子的有机物,但对大分子有机物的去除有限;混凝可有效去除大分子有机物,但对中等和小分子有机物的去除有限.仅采用树脂作为预处理,虽然去除有机物效果较好,但缓解膜污染的作用有限;而混凝与树脂联用,不仅有效去除有机物,而且也有效缓解膜污染.     

New generation Amberlite XAD resin for the removal of metal ions: A review

The direct determination of toxic metal ions, in environmental samples, is difficult because of the latter's presence in trace concentration in association with complex matrices, thereby leading to insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of the methods used. The simultaneous removal of the matrix and preconcentration of the metal ions, through solid phase extraction, serves as the promising solution. The mechanism involved in solid phase extraction (SPE) depends on the nature of the sorbent and analyte. Thus, SPE is carried out by means of adsorption, ion exchange, chelation, ion pair formation, and so forth. As polymeric supports, the commercially availableAmberlite resins have been found very promising for designing chelating matrices due to its good physical and chemical properties such as porosity, high surface area, durability and purity. This review presents an overview of the various works done on the modification of Amberlite XAD resins with the objective of making it an efficient sorbent. The methods of modifications which are generally based on simple impregnation, sorption as chelates and chemical bonding have been discussed. The reported results, including the preconcentration limit, the detection limit, sorption capacity, preconcentration factors etc., have been reproduced.     

树脂D201上粗漆酶的固定化及对孔雀石绿的脱色

云芝粗漆酶以3种方法,即静电吸附法(D201-Lac-Ⅰ)、先吸附后交联法(D201-Lac-Ⅱ)、戊二醛处理树脂后吸附法(D201-Lac-Ⅲ)固定到大孔阴离子交换树脂D201上.与静电吸附法相比,D201-Lac-Ⅱ的漆酶固载量大幅提升至4.65倍,漆酶比活力却严重受损,只有前者的4.8%;D201-Lac-Ⅲ的漆酶固载量略有下降,为静电吸附法的0.51倍,漆酶比活力却显著提高至静电吸附法的2.99倍.利用电子透射电镜(TEM)可明显观察到D201-Lac-Ⅲ漆酶分子聚合体的阴影.用D201-Lac-Ⅲ对孔雀石绿进行了连续多批次脱色试验,在长达210 h的连续操作中,其脱色效率未观察到有下降趋势,一直稳定在40%～55%之间,D201-Lac-Ⅲ的酶活亦未观察到下降,同等条件下游离的漆酶活力已损失至20%以下,证明D201-Lac-Ⅲ具有显著提升的稳定性和优良的重复利用性.考虑到粗漆酶廉价易得,D201-Lac-Ⅲ在水处理应用中可能大有前景.     

XAD-8树脂分组的富里酸组分对菲光降解的影响机制初探

采用XAD-8树脂分组方法,将富里酸分为:pH4.8、pH7.0、pH11.0、水和乙醇组分,初步探讨富里酸不同组分对菲光降解的影响.结果表明:实验浓度范围内,浓度越高的富里酸组分对菲的光降解影响越大;不同组分也具有不同表现,表现在pH4.8、pH7.0组分中菲的光降解速率比水与乙醇组分中菲的光降解速率大;进一步采用分子探针手段分析显示,各组分诱导产生的单线态氧(~1O_2)和羟基自由基(·OH)对菲光降解均起到作用.从富里酸各组分的紫外吸收光谱、元素分析和傅里叶红外光谱表征可以看出,pH4.8、pH7.0组分相对于其他组分含有更多的羧基成分,含氧量更高,这两个组分在光解时能够产生更多的·OH与~1O_2,而这两种物质能促进菲的光降解.     

Reactions of model compounds of phenol resin in sub- and supercritical water under an argon atmosphere

Model compounds of phenol resin were reacted in sub- and supercritical water to clarify the mechanism of the decomposition reaction of plastics in water. Cleavage reaction of methylene bonds was confirmed in the reactions of model compounds of phenol resin such as bis(hydroxyphenyl)methanes in sub- and supercritical water under an Ar atmosphere, although the methylene bond was stable in thermal reactions. It was also confirmed that sub- and supercritical water played important roles not only as a stable solvent thermally, but also as a chemical reagent. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 14, 2000