螯合剂和生物表面活性剂对 Cu、Pb污染塿土的淋洗修复

螯合剂和生物表面活性剂由于其具有较强的螯合、增溶等特征而被广泛用于土壤中重金属、有机物污染的修复,为探明其对石灰性土壤中重金属污染的修复效果,选用螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸(CIT)以及生物表面活性剂二鼠李糖脂(RL2)作为淋洗剂,采用批实验和柱实验方法,研究了3种淋洗剂以及生物表面活性剂与螯合剂复合对塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复效果.结果表明,不同淋洗剂对塿土中Cu、Pb的淋洗百分率大小表现为EDTA>CIT>RL2,在淋洗剂浓度为0.02mol.L-1时,3种淋洗剂淋洗Cu的百分率分别为62.74%(EDTA)、52.28%(CIT)和15.35%(RL2),淋洗Pb的百分率分别为96.10%(EDTA)、23.08%(CIT)和14.42%(RL2).当RL2浓度在100 CMC时,其对EDTA、CIT淋洗Cu具有协同增溶作用;而当RL2浓度在200 CMC时,对EDTA和CIT淋洗Cu表现为拮抗作用.RL2与EDTA复合对Pb的淋洗影响类似于对Cu的影响;而RL2的存在抑制了CIT对Pb的淋洗作用.EDTA、CIT能有效去除污染塿土中交换态、吸附态、碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态的Cu、Pb;RL2可以去除塿土中交换态、吸附态结合的Cu、Pb.     

螯合剂修复重金属污染土壤联合技术研究进展

螯合剂作为螯合剂被广泛应用到土壤修复中，但存在修复效率不高及二次污染的问题.为提高螯合剂对土壤重金属污染的修复效率，多种螯合剂联合技术被研究.相比单一螯合剂修复技术，联合修复技术可显著提高重金属污染土壤的修复效率.分析了螯合剂联合修复技术（螯合剂与电动修复技术、螯合剂与植物修复技术、螯合剂与淋洗剂修复技术）及新型联合修复技术（螯合剂与可渗透反应格栅联合技术、螯合剂与超声波联合技术及螯合剂与真菌联合技术），并阐述了各技术的修复原理及影响因素.结果表明，联合修复技术能够有效活化土壤中的重金属，提高修复效率，具有良好的发展前景，但在实际推广应用中仍面临一些挑战:①联合修复过程中影响因素较多，主要包括螯合剂添加方式、土壤酸碱性、复配浓度及淋洗时间等.②联合技术与土壤组分及污染物发生了一系列的物化反应，对重金属的活化与重金属形态之间的机理反应还需进一步明确.③螯合剂的添加可能会增大对植物的毒害效应及重金属向地下渗滤的风险，造成二次污染.④新型联合修复技术目前只应用于实验室内.为使螯合剂充分发挥其最大的实用性，建议未来在以下几方面开展深入研究:进一步开展联合技术的微观机理研究；加大对螯合剂与其他技术的联合修复技术的研究，寻求联合技术的最佳耦合点；研发可生物降解的螯合剂；寻找更加经济有效的方法回收螯合剂.      

聚苯乙烯磺酰肼基二硫代甲酸盐树脂功能化程度的分光光度测定

用改进的方法合成了对甲苯磺酰肼基二硫代甲酸钾。以它作模型化合物,在酸性条件下加热解,放出二硫化碳,被二乙胺及醋酸铜的混合液吸收,生成黄色荒氨酸铜,在４３０ｎｍ波长比色,从而建立了定量测定磺酰肼基二硫代甲酸基团的方法。     

Changes in the chemical composition of water-extractable organic matter during composting: distribution between stable and labile organic matter pools

Aerobic decomposition and stabilization of organic matter during the composting of waste materials is primarily due to the biochemical transformation of water-soluble compounds in the liquid phase by the microbial biomass. For this reason water-soluble organic matter represents the most active fraction of compost, both biologically and chemically, and thus should directly reflect the biochemical alteration of organic matter. This work aims to elucidate the microbial-mediated processes responsible for the distribution of soluble organic matter between stable and labile pools with composting time. Accordingly, chemical analysis as well as UV absorption, and ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy of samples collected during the industrial composting of urban waste revealed microbial induced transformation of water-extractable organic matter over time. The chemical composition changed from labile, hydrophilic, plant-derived organic compounds in the beginning to predominately stable, hydrophobic moieties comprising lignin-derived phenols and microbially-derived carbohydrates at later stages of composting.     

Gangba sheep in the Tibetan plateau: Validating their unique meat quality and grazing factor analysis

Gangba sheep are known for having typical sensory characteristics attributed to free range conditions and grazing on wild plants. The genuine Gangba mutton was selected as the experimental group, and the commercial Tibetan mutton was selected as the control group, the nutritive composition of basic chemical components, amino acids and fatty acids in mutton were investigated to correlate its unique meat quality and eating satisfaction. The results showed that fatty acids were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Gangba mutton than in commercial mutton, and the higher content of flavoring amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartame) were primarily responsible for the taste attributes umami of meat juices. Moreover, the trace elements analysis in mutton and grazing factors (forage, water source and soil) were conducted, to explain the source of essential trace elements in mutton. The concentrations of essential trace elements show that the Gangba mutton was a valuable source for highly available Cu and Zn in human nutrition, and well managed with few detected of toxicity metal. The concentrations of essential trace elements in mutton are closely related to the trace elements in environmental grazing factors. In conclusion, the congenital grazing conditions (a highly mineralized water resource, natural forages and clean soils) were shown to contribute to the unique meat characteristics of Gangba sheep.     

高吸油树脂处理苯乙烯废水

以4-叔丁基苯乙烯为单体,采用自由基悬浮聚合法合成了颗粒状高吸油树脂。探讨了高吸油树脂对苯乙烯废水的静态吸收性能和动态吸收性能。实验结果表明：苯乙烯去除率随苯乙烯初始质量浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而提高,最佳处理时间为6h;随吸收柱进水流量增大,苯乙烯去除率先提高后降低,进水流量为15mL／min、处理时间为6h时,苯乙烯去除率最大,为96．25％;苯乙烯去除率与处理时间的关系很好地遵循了Hill方程。高吸油树脂对苯乙烯的吸收过程遵循一级动力学规律,相关系数为0．998。     

高压开关柜阻燃绝缘件在役老化诱发着火事故的综合分析

高压开关柜长期连续运行在高温高湿环境下,内部的阻燃绝缘件会老化而导致性能劣化,进而引起电弧击穿乃至着火事故。为揭示绝缘件样品老化对其击穿与引燃特性的影响机制,针对已在役运行12年开关柜内老化阻燃固封极柱样品和同配方新样品,开展了微观形貌、热重-差示扫描量热、热重-红外光谱和微量燃烧特性综合分析。结果表明：开关柜内的长期电热应力易使环氧树脂绝缘材料的微观结构产生破坏,内部易产生孔洞和裂纹,导致其绝缘性能下降;开关柜内的高温环境易使绝缘材料内部分子链缓慢断裂,导致老化样品更易受热分解;同时,柜内高温高湿环境既可使其材料内部孔隙吸湿而降低绝缘性能,还易导致磷系阻燃剂吸潮氧化,降低其阻燃性能;最后,与新样品相比,12年老化样品在升温初期的燃烧释热更高,一旦形成击穿电弧,更易着火燃烧。研究结果为高压开关柜因绝缘件老化失效而形成击穿起火事故提供了分析要点,并可作为未来更高性能阻燃绝缘件的优化设计依据。     

氨氮测定中几个问题的探讨

针对纳氏比色法测定氨氮过程中存在的问题,提出了相应的解决办法。消除了混浊和显色前后稀释问题,降低了空白吸光度,提高了测定的准确度。     

水杨酸甲酯废水及水杨酰胺废水处理工程实例

水杨酸甲酯废水及水杨酰胺废水有机物浓度高、难以直接生物降解.采用"树脂吸附—吹脱—UASB—A/O"组合工艺处理该类废水,实际运行结果表明,出水水质能达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中第二类污染物的三级标准,运行经济可靠且能回收水杨酸甲酯及水杨酰胺.     

氧化-吸附法处理含铁废盐酸及其资源化

提出并研究了高效氧化与强化吸附相结合的含铁废酸资源化处理新工艺。系统研究了其氧化过程的适宜工艺条件并考察了吸附分离单元中的主要工艺参数对铁离子去除率的影响规律。实验结果显示,采用双氧水氧化废盐酸中Fe2+将不会引入其他污染因子,双氧水的最佳投加摩尔数为Fe2+浓度的1.2倍,氧化时间优选为2 h;氧化后的含铁废盐酸经过强碱阴离子交换树脂NDA900分离去除大部分铁离子,若采用固定床双柱串联方式运行,铁离子分离去除率可达99.9%,处理后盐酸可返回酸洗工序重复利用。吸附饱和后的树脂仅使用自来水就可以实现完全再生,再生液中三氯化铁浓度高达40~50g/L。这一工艺有望实现废盐酸及其中铁离子的综合利用,为相关行业清洁生产水平的提升提供技术支持。