Effect of water and temperature on ammonia volatilization of maize straw returning

ABSTRACT

Ammonia volatilization is an important nitrogen (N) loss pathway in agricultural production and consequent significant atmospheric pollutant. The primary objective of this study was to (1) examine effects of environmental factors such as temperature and soil water capacity, as well as crop residue (CR) addition as fertilizer, on ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, and (2) search for a comprehensive management strategy to reduce accumulative ammonia volatilization (AAV). A bench-scale cultivated experiment was conducted at two environment temperatures (15 or 25 °C), three forms of soil water capacity (30%, 50%, or 70% soil field moisture capacity), and two treatments of fertilizers (conventional fertilizer urea and straw returning – 10% of total N application arising from maize straw and remainder from conventional urea). Results showed that AAV was markedly decreased by adjusting soil water capacity, temperature, and CR addition. Significant quantified exponential correlation between AAV and soil moisture was observed. More than 70% AAV was reduced in intermediate 50% and high 70% soil moisture compared to low 30%. AAV was less sensitive to temperature than soil moisture using black soils. Only in low soil moisture, AAV rose with increasing of temperature. Straw restoration addition decreased significantly the AAV loss.     

Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases during combined pre-composting and vermicomposting of duck manure

Combined pre-composting and vermicomposting has shown potential for reclamation of solid wastes, which is a significant source of ammonia (NH₃), and greenhouse gases (GHG), including nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Earthworms and amendments may both affect physico-chemical characteristics that control gas-producing processes, and thus affect NH₃ and GHG emissions. Here, we used two-way ANOVA to test the effects of addition of reed straw and combined addition of reed straw and zeolite on NH₃ and GHG emissions during pre-composting of duck manure, either with or without a follow-up phase of vermicomposting. Results showed that cumulative N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions during pre-composting and vermicomposting ranged from 92.8, 5.8, and 260.6 mg kg^?1 DM to 274.2, 30.4, and 314.0 mg kg^?1 DM, respectively. Earthworms and amendments significantly decreased N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Emission of CO₂ was not affected by earthworms, but increased in responses to addition of reed straw. Cumulative NH₃ emission ranged from 3.0 to 8.1 g kg^?1 DM, and was significantly decreased by reed straw and zeolite addition. In conclusion, combined pre-composting and vermicomposting with reed straw and zeolite addition would be strongly recommended in mitigating emissions of N₂O, CH₄, and NH₃ from duck manure. Moreover, this method also provides nutrient-rich products that can be used as a fertilizer.     

Responses of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms to biochar and compost amendments of heavy metals-polluted soil

Heavy metal pollution affects soil ecological function. Biochar and compost can effectively remediate heavy metals and increase soil nutrients. The effects and mechanisms of biochar and compost amendments on soil nitrogen cycle function in heavy-metal contaminated soils are not fully understood. This study examined how biochar, compost, and their integrated use affected ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in heavy metal polluted soil. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) activity was evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results showed that compost rather than biochar improved nitrogen conversion in soil. Biochar, compost, or their integrated application significantly reduced the effective Zn and Cd speciation. Adding compost obviously increased As and Cu effective speciation, bacterial 16S rRNA abundance, and AMO activity. AOB, stimulated by compost addition, was significantly more abundant than AOA throughout remediation. Correlation analysis showed that AOB abundance positively correlated with NO₃^?-N (r = 0.830, P < 0.01), and that AMO activity had significant correlation with EC (r = -0.908, P < 0.01) and water-soluble carbon (r = -0.868, P < 0.01). Those seem to be the most vital factors affecting AOB community and their function in heavy metal-polluted soil remediated by biochar and compost.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰热处理过程中Zn的挥发机理研究

试验在650~1350℃条件下探讨了温度和时间对飞灰中Zn的挥发率的影响,采用XAFs对飞灰及二次飞灰中Zn的赋存形态进行分析,运用吉布斯自由能理论推导了Zn的氯化反应途径,并开展了验证试验.结果表明：温度是影响Zn挥发的主要因素,其挥发趋势随温度先增加而后降低,在1000℃时挥发率达到最高,而时间对其挥发效果影响较小;Zn主要以氯化物形态挥发,从假设反应途径的吉布斯自由能理论计算及验证试验得出,热处理过程中Zn的氯化反应分两步进行,首先飞灰中氯化物与SiO₂反应生成Cl₂,而后与ZnO反应生成ZnCl₂,而小部分Cl₂可能与水蒸气反应形成HCl,再与ZnO反应生成ZnCl₂.     

抑制剂对淹水土壤反硝化和氨挥发的影响

通过室内培养试验,设置3个硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）（氮肥用量的2.5%（DCD1）、5.0%（DCD2）、7.5%（DCD3））,3个脲酶抑制剂氢醌（HQ）（氮肥用量的0.1%（HQ1）、0.3%（HQ2）、0.5%（HQ3））和3个硝化抑制剂DCD+脲酶抑制剂HQ联合施用（氮肥用量的2.5%+0.1%（HH1）、5.0%+0.3%（HH2）、7.5%+0.5%（HH3））试验处理,探讨抑制剂联合施用对淹水土壤反硝化和氨挥发过程及其环境因子的影响,并借助通径分析探讨环境因子对反硝化和氨挥发过程的影响程度,探求抑制剂、氮素转化过程及其环境因子之间定量影响关系.结果表明,单独施用硝化抑制剂DCD能显著减少反硝化速率,但是增加氨挥发损失.单独施用脲酶抑制剂HQ能不同程度减少氨挥发损失,但对反硝化作用效果不稳定.而联合施用DCD和HQ,尤其是HH2（5.0%的DCD+0.3%的HQ）联合施用可有效地同时抑制反硝化和氨挥发损失,相比CK,其反硝化和氨挥发速率分别减少31.3%和12.5%.通径分析发现,硝化抑制剂DCD和脲酶抑制HQ主要影响土体NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度、上覆水体NH₄⁺-N和DON浓度,从而影响反硝化和氨挥发速率.     

我国半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化马铃薯田土壤NH3挥发特征和强度及影响因素

氨(NH₃)挥发是农业生态系统氮肥损失的重要途经,然而,北方干旱半干旱地区水肥耦合马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发规律缺少数据支撑.该研究利用通气法田间原位观测我国西北滴灌水肥一体化和传统沟灌施肥马铃薯田水肥耦合土壤NH₃挥发特征,设置滴灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(DDF)、滴灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(DGF)、滴灌不施肥(DCK)、沟灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(FDF)、沟灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(FGF)、沟灌不施肥(FCK)6个处理.结果表明,NH₃挥发速率峰值出现在施用氮肥后1—2周,不同水肥处理土壤NH₃挥发存在显著差异(P<0.01).2018年DDF、DGF、DCK、FDF、FGF、FCK土壤NH₃累积挥发量分别为21.50、28.14、7.20、37.06、66.25、11.88 kg·hm^-2;2019年,分别为9.42、15.25、7.24、34.73、76.81、8.56 kg·hm^-2.2018年和2019年,沟灌FDF处理的NH₃挥发损失率分别是滴灌DDF处理的1.76倍和11.89倍;沟灌FGF处理分别是滴灌DGF的2.60倍和8.54倍.滴灌DGF处理NH₃挥发强度比滴灌DDF处理分别增加27.03%和52.94%,沟灌FGF处理比沟灌FDF处理分别增加76.04%和118.37%.随施肥量增加,传统沟灌马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率和NH₃挥发强度的增量高于滴灌水肥一体化模式.NH₃挥发速率与土壤体积含水量、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著相关(P<0.01).和传统沟灌比较,滴灌水肥一体化技术降低马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率,减轻NH₃挥发强度,提高马铃薯水肥利用率,减轻环境污染.     

某生活垃圾卫生填埋场填埋作业区覆膜抽气除臭试验研究

本文采用三种不同的覆膜抽气模式对填埋场作业面进行除臭试验研究,结果表明:覆膜1.0mm+3台负压车、2条负压管比单层覆膜0.3mm+1台负压抽气车、2条临负压管或覆膜0.3mm+3台负压车对氨气、硫化氢和臭气浓度的去除效果都要更好;但覆膜抽气法对总挥发性有机物(Total Volatile Organic Compounds,TVOC)的去除效果较之前更差,这主要是由于TVOC主要为分子量较大的有机物,扩散较慢,且垃圾堆体在厌氧条件下产生的TVOC浓度更高。     

Ammonia in urban atmosphere can be substantially reduced by vehicle emission control: A case study in Shanghai, China

To investigate the impact of emission controls on ammonia (NH₃) pollution in urban atmosphere, observation on NH₃ (1 hr interval) was performed in Shanghai before, during and after the 2019 China International Import Expo (CIIE) event, along with measurements on inorganic ions, organic tracers and stable nitrogen isotope compositions of ammonium in PM_2.5. NH₃ during the CIIE period was 6.5±1.0 µg/m³, which is 41% and 32% lower than that before and after the event, respectively. Such a decrease was largely ascribed to the emission controls in nonagricultural sources, of which contribution for measured NH₃ in control phase abated by ∼20% compared to that during uncontrol period. Molecular compositions of PAHs and hopanes further suggested a dominant role of the reduced vehicle emissions in the urban NH₃ abatement during the CIIE period. Our results revealed that vehicle exhaust emission control is an effective way to mitigate NH₃ pollution and improve air quality in Chinese urban areas.     

太原市汾河景区浮游藻类细胞密度对氮磷的影响

为了研究太原汾河景区的水质状况并为其水质保护和水华暴发预警及防治提供依据,2012年6月至10月,对该区域8个采样点的浮游藻类细胞密度、氨氮、总氮和总磷及它们之间的关系进行了调查分析。结果表明,多数样点总氮超标,总磷相对稳定,均不超标,氮磷比变化较明显,多数采样点以7月份的细胞密度较高,下游端较上游端浮游藻类生长旺盛,污染情况也较为严重。多数采样点浮游藻类细胞密度与总氮和氮磷比呈负相关,与总磷呈正相关。     

容积负荷对生物膜反应器氨氮去除的影响

利用蜂窝陶瓷为生物膜载体组建的生物膜反应器处理受污染原水试验运行过程中,考察氨氮容积负荷、有机物容积负荷及总磷容积负荷对反应器氨氮去除率和去除速率的影响。研究表明在温度为13~29.6℃,ρ(DO)为4 mg/L,水力负荷分别为2.39,3.49,6.90,8.38,11.33,13.66 m3/(m2·d)的情况下,随着氨氮容积负荷的逐渐增大,氨氮的去除率逐渐降低,而氨氮的去除速率逐步增大。氨氮容积负荷与氨氮去除率和容积负荷与去除速率关系都可用直线方程表示。为维持反应器稳定的处理效果,水力负荷最好不要超过11.33 m3/(m2·d),氨氮容积负荷不超过1.45 kg/(m3·d)。随着有机物容积负荷的逐渐增大,氨氮去除速率逐渐增大,但增速逐渐减缓,而氨氮去除率逐渐降低。随着总磷容积负荷的增大,氨氮去除速率增加并呈线性相关,氨氮去除率随之减少。