挥发酚测定中的边界条件初探

4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定水样中挥发酚,是环境监测中首选的测定方法.在样品的采集、水样预处理及分析操作过程中,除了严格执行操作技术规程外,还要考虑分析中的关键技术、边界条件等一些因素,以保证实验的顺利进行和分析数据的准确可靠.     

综合治理合成氨装置硫化氢恶臭

镇海炼化股份公司化肥厂合成氨装置，通过挖潜改造，工艺上进行优化操作，提高了流化氢废气处理量，使硫磺装置开工率和回收率分别达到99．7％和99．0％；使合成氨装置H：S废气全部回收，消除了装置区H2S恶臭，年增产硫磺2503t，取得了明显的环境效益和经济效益．     

Electrocoagulation coupled with electrooxidation for the simultaneous treatment of multiple pollutants in contaminated sediments

In situ and simultaneous remediation of a variety of pollutants in sediments remains a challenge. In this study, we report that the combination of electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) is efficient in the immobilization of phosphorus and heavy metals and in the oxidation of ammonium and toxic organic matter. The integrated mixed metal oxide (MMO)/Fe anode system allowed the facile removal of ammonium and phosphorus in the overlying water (99% of 10 mg/L NH₄⁺-N and 95% of 10 mg/L P disappeared in 15 and 30 min, respectively). Compared with the controls of the single Fe anode and single MMO anode systems, the dual MMO/Fe anode system significantly improved the removal of phenanthrene and promoted the transition of Pb and Cu from the mobile species to the immobile species. The concentrations of Pb and Cu in the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure extracts were reduced by 99% and 97% after an 8 hr operation. Further tests with four real polluted samples indicated that substantial proportions of acid-soluble fraction Pb and Cu were reduced (30%–31% for Pb and 16%–23% for Cu), and the amounts of total organic carbon and NH₄⁺-N decreased by 56%–71% and 32%–63%, respectively. It was proposed that the in situ electrogenerated Fe(II) at the Fe anode and the active oxygen/chlorine species at the MMO anode are conducive to outstanding performance in the co-treatment of multiple pollutants. The results suggest that the EC/EO method is a powerful technology for the in situ remediation of sediments contaminated with different pollutants.     

新疆盐渍化土壤氮肥氨挥发损失特征初步研究

在室温下应用“静态吸收法”,研究不同盐渍化程度的盐化土壤和碱化土壤上氮肥氨挥发损失特征。结果表明:(1)除碱土外碱化土壤上氮肥氨挥发量随时间延长呈现下降趋势,在盐化土壤上氨挥发量随时间呈现先上升后下降趋势。(2)供试9个典型盐渍化土壤样品上氮肥氨挥发量(Y)与时间(t)关系均符合Y=at2 bt c动力学方程,相关性呈极显著水平。(3)氨挥发总量(Y)、氨挥发速率(Yi)与土壤含盐量(x)呈极显著正相关;氨挥发持续时间随着盐渍化程度的增加而延长。(4)氨挥发总量、挥发速率与盐渍土pH相关性未达到显著水平;盐渍土上pH值对氨挥发的影响需要进一步研究。以上结果表明,盐渍化耕作土壤上氮肥氨挥发的控制要依据盐渍化类型的不同而制定相应的措施。     

高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点,其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律,并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素,最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望.     

Spatial variability of ammonium and nitrate in soils near a poultry farm

This paper assesses the distribution of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) nitrogen deposition in native bushland soil adjacent to an open ventilated poultry farm. The farm is located in Thirlmere 150 km south west of Sydney, Australia. A total of 104 geographically referenced soil cores were obtained from the study area. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), NH4(+) - and NO3(-)-nitrogen concentrations were analysed for variable trends at three depths, i.e. 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm. Significantly higher concentrations of the two nitrogen forms and EC were observed nearer to the farm in the surface soil samples (0-30 cm). The distribution of NH4+, NO3- and EC were all correlated in surface samples throughout the study area. There was no indication of NH4+ and NO3- leaching within soil profile sampled and it appears that weeds and native vegetation had utilised the accumulated nitrogen. The level of N deposition adjacent to the poultry farm decreased downwind due to dispersion of plume and to the buffering effects from the bushland.     

Verification of Wind-Driven Volatilization Models

Mass-transfer processes of paramount importance, such as reaeration and volatilization, occur at the air–water interface. Particularly, volatilization is intensively studied because it can be a relevant removal process for toxic contaminants from flowing and standing surface waters. The paper provides a comparison among predictive equations available from literature for standing waters for the case of MTBE contamination. Most of the considered equations tend to overestimate the volatilization rate, while three equations offer a good fit with the observed data. Finally, these equations are applied to a larger amount of field data.     

热扩散管的设计与性能测试

为研究挥发性组分对气溶胶特性的影响,设计加工了一种热扩散管（Thermal Denuder,以下简称TD）,由解析管和吸附管组成,调节温度范围为50~350℃;与文献中已有设计相比,本设计改进了测量TD管内部温度的位置,使得测温、控温更加准确;采用两段加热的方式使得温度分布更为稳定,延长有效停留时间.TD管性能测试表明：TD管内温度分布较均匀,可有效去除挥发性组分;当颗粒物的粒径大于60 nm时,颗粒物在不同温度的TD管内的传输效率变化很小,可近似看作是一个常数.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控土壤氨挥发

为了验证解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控农田土壤氨挥发的效果,并了解其微生物生态学机制,通过温室蔬菜大棚盆栽生菜的方式,探究在施用解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥（BB）与化肥的条件下,土壤氨挥发量、作物品质及产量、土壤微生物的变化.设置4组盆栽试验,依次为不施肥对照（CK）、100%化肥处理（C）、50% BB+50%化肥处理（B1）和100% BB处理（B2）,3组处理的施氮量相同.采用动态箱法对施肥后土壤氨挥发通量进行测定.基于16S rDNA高通量测序分析,对土壤氨挥发峰值期间的细菌群落进行分析.结果发现,与C组相比,B1和B2组的氨挥发总量分别降低79.5%和84.8%;B2组生菜硝酸盐含量最低、产量最高,相对于CK和C组分别增产50.5%和12.3%;B1组生菜的维生素C含量最高,为67.6mg ·kg^-1;施用BB提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性及丰富度,特别是芽孢杆菌、硝化螺菌属相对丰度明显提升;显示出施用BB对防治空气污染和提高氮素利用率具有重要作用.     

Effects of adding bulking agents on the biodrying of kitchen waste and the odor emissions produced

The effects of adding a bulking agent on the performance and odor emissions(ammonia and eight sulfur-containing odorous compounds) when biodrying kitchen waste were investigated. Three treatments were considered: the addition of either cornstalks(CS) or wood peat(WP) to kitchen waste as a bulking agent before biodrying, and a control treatment(CK). The water-removal rates for CK, CS, and WP treatments were 0.35, 0.56, and0.43 kg/kg, respectively. Addition of bulking agents to kitchen waste produced less leachate,higher moisture-removal rates, and lower consumption of volatile solids. The CS treatment had the highest biodrying index(4.07), and those for the WP and CK treatments were 3.67 and 1.97, respectively. Adding cornstalks or wood peat decreased NH3 emissions by 55.8%and 71.7%, respectively. Total sulfur losses were 3.6%–21.6% after 21 days biodrying, and H2 S and Me2 SS were the main( 95%) sulfur compounds released. The smallest amounts of sulfur-containing odorous compounds were emitted when cornstalks were added, and adding cornstalks and wood peat decreased total sulfur losses by 50.6%–64.8%.