交替灌溉条件下水氮耦合对土壤气态氮排放的影响

通过大田试验,以密闭法与硼酸吸收法收集和测定土壤NH<,3>,挥发量,以密闭法收集和气相色谱法测定土壤N<,2>O释放量.采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,研究交替灌溉施肥条件下的水氮数量耦合对NH<,3>,挥发,N<'2>O排放及夏玉米产量的影响,并建立相应的数学模型.交替灌溉施肥处理NH<,3>-N挥发量为4.78～1...     

地表水中氨氮和总氮的相关性分析

为了解地表水中氨氮和总氮之间的相关关系,通过2010年濮阳市6个监测点位地表水的氨氮和总氮的监测数据,分析了氨氮和总氮之间的相关性,结果表明:地表水氨氮和总氮两个监测因子之间的相关关系为冬季最好R为0.9270,春、秋其次R分别为0.8980和0.8695,最后是夏季为0.6780。氨氮和总氮之间的比例系数波动范围较大为0.040～1.138,各不同季节的平均值为0.38。     

BTEX在地下环境中的自然衰减

通过室内模拟柱实验研究了BTEX在地下环境中的自然衰减过程,发现BTEX通过以细砂为介质的模拟地下环境时确实发生了自然衰减,挥发和生物降解作用是其自然衰减的重要机制.以苯为例,其在水中的质量浓度为11.40 mg/L左右时,挥发和生物降解作用占自然衰减的比例分别是16.36%和4.91%;而甲苯浓度为3.30 mg/L左右时,两者所占比例分别是11.04%和41.50%.可见BTEX中各组分衰减规律不同.BTEX浓度越大,其挥发得也越快,挥发对自然衰减的作用越大.微生物降解作用对甲苯更有效,占自然衰减的41.50%,间、对二甲苯次之占8.49%,而苯和乙苯很难被降解.     

ASM3在城市污水处理厂工艺调整中的应用

现今城市污水处理厂氨氮处理能力不强,工艺改进实验需要大量资金投入,为了解决这一问题．结合国际水质协会（IWA）开发推荐的活性污泥模型（ASM3）数学模型来寻找一个最佳的解决方案,以便对污水处理厂工艺优化分析及模拟优化改造。     

Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27

Following the recognition of the detrimental effects of nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union (EU) on human health and environment, series of environmental policy measures have been implemented from the early 1990s onwards. However, these measures have only been partially successful. Clearly, there is lack of integration of available measures and there is lack of enforcement and hierarchy; which measures should be implemented first? We identified and assessed three ‘most promising measures’ to decrease N losses from agriculture, i.e., (i) balanced fertilization, (ii) low-protein animal feeding, and (iii) ammonia (NH₃) emissions abatement measures. Environmental-economic assessments were made using scenario analyses and the modeling tools MITERRA-EUROPE and CAPRI.In the baseline scenario (business as usual), N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production increases from 44% in 2000 to 48% in 2020, while total N losses decrease by 10%. Implementation of promising measures increases NUE further to 51–55%, and decreases NH₃ emissions (by up to 23%), nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (by up to 10%) and N leaching losses (by up to 35%). Differences in responsiveness to promising measures varied between and within Member States. Strict implementation of balanced fertilization in nitrate vulnerable zones, as defined in the Nitrates Directive, decreases total farmers’ income in EU-27 by 1.7 billion euros per year. Implementation of all three measures decreases farmers income by 10.8 and total welfare by 17 billion euros per year, without valuing the environmental benefits.The study presented here is one of the first EU-wide integrated assessments of the effects of policy measures on all major N losses from agriculture and their economic costs. Our results show that the most promising measures are effective in enhancing NUE and decreasing NH₃ and N₂O emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching to groundwater and surface waters, but that income effects are significant. The order of implementation of the measures is important; NH₃ emissions abatement measures must be implemented together with balanced N fertilization.     

浅析氨氮在线自动监测仪的应用情况与存在问题

氨氮在线自动监测仪已经在我国水质自动监测系统中得到广泛应用。目前,氨氮在线自动监测仪生产厂家众多,各有特色。生产厂家技术日趋成熟、相关标准逐步出台、仪器性能基本达标。但在实际应用过程中,根据各地的实际情况,在仪器的使用和维护方面还有很多问题需要进一步认识和改进。文章从多个方面对几种典型的氨氮在线自动监测仪进行了分析和比较,并提出了相关建议。     

Software sensor design based on empirical data

Software sensor design consists of building an estimate of some quantity of interest. This estimate can be used either to replace a physical measurement, or to validate an existing one. This paper provides some general guidelines for the design of software sensors based on empirical data. When the model is a priori unknown, the problem can be stated in terms of non-parametric regression or black-box modelling. Complexity control is the main difficulty in this setting. A trade-off must be achieved between two antagonist goals: the model should not be too simple, and model identification should not be too variable. We propose to address this issue by a penalization algorithm, which also estimates the relevance of input features in the identification process. A data-driven software sensor should also provide accuracy and validity indexes of its prediction. We show how these indexes can be estimated for complex non-parametric methods, such as neural networks. An application in environmental monitoring, the design of an ammonia software sensor, illustrates each step of the approach.     

Applicability of the Arrhenius model for ammonia oxidizing bacteria subjected to temperature time gradients

The aim of this work is to identify the range of applicability of Arrhenius type temperature dependence for Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) subjected to temperature time gradients through continuous titrimetric tests. An innovative online differential titrimetric technique was used to continuously monitor the maximum biologic ammonia oxidation rate of the biomass selected in a pilot scale membrane bioreactor, as a function of temperature time gradients. The monitoring technique is based on the measurement of alkalinity and hydrogen peroxide consumption rates in two parallel reactors operated in non-limiting substrate conditions for AOB; both reactors were continuously fed with mixed liquor and in one of them AOB were inhibited with allylthiourea. The effects of temperature decrease rates in the range 1 to 4°C·h⁻¹ were evaluated by controlling the titrimetric reactor in the temperature range 10°C–20°C. The dependence of growth kinetics on temperature time gradients and the range of applicability of Arrhenius model for temperature dependency of AOB growth kinetics were assessed. The Arrhenius model was found to be accurate only with temperature gradients lower than 2°C·h⁻¹. The estimated Arrhenius coefficients (θ) were shown to increase from 1.07 to 1.6 when the temperature decrease rate reached 4°C·h⁻¹.     

高浓度氨氮废水处理技术及其发展趋势

介绍了高浓度氨氮废水的主要来源及其危害性,对国内外主要的高浓度氨氮废水处理工艺进行了分析和对比,并阐述了其发展趋势,为处理高浓度氨氮废水工艺技术的选择提供了参考。     

Monitoring H2S air pollution caused by the industrial exploitation of geothermal energy: The pitfall of using lichens as bioindicators

This study showed that NH₃ emitted from geothermal power plants affects the surrounding epiphytic lichen vegetation and diversity, confounding the interpretation of lichen diversity counts in terms of air pollution by H₂S. The presence of nitrophytic lichen species around geothermal installations, determined by NH₃, caused relatively high diversity values that were not related with the levels of air pollution by H₂S. It is recommended that in the presence of NH₃ emission, nitrophytic species are excluded from the calculation of lichen diversity values.