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911.
LacayoR M van Bavel B Mattiasson B 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,130(3):1019-443
The degradation of technical toxaphene in water with two kinds of bioreactors operating in sequence was studied. One packed bed reactor was filled with Poraver (foam glass particles) running at anaerobic conditions and one suspended carrier biofilm reactor working aerobically. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, sulphate, pH, dissolved oxygen, total toxaphene and specific toxaphene isomers were measured. After 6 weeks approx. 87% of the total toxaphene was degraded reaching 98% by week 39. The majority of the conversion took place in the anaerobic reactor. The concentrations of toxaphene isomers with more chlorine substituents decreased more rapidly than for isomers with less chlorine substituents. 相似文献
912.
Fate of ah receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gustavsson LK Klee N Olsman H Hollert H Engwall M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(6):379-387
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Sweden is meeting prohibition for deposition of organic waste from 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a higher degree. Two biological treatment alternatives are anaerobic digestion and composting. Different oxygen concentrations result in different microbial degradation pathways and, consequently, in a different quality of the digestion or composting residue, It is therefore necessary to study sludge treatment during different oxygen regimes in order to follow both degradation of compounds and change in toxicity. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting, and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of both pharmaceutical and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, little data are available concerning sludge with nitroaromatics and any associated dioxin-like activity. Therefore, we studied the sludge before and after the treatments in order to detect any changes in levels of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists using two bioassays for dioxin-like compounds. METHODS: An industrial sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting in small reactors in a semi-continuous manner. The same volume as the feeding volume was taken out daily and stored at -20 degrees C. Sample preparation for the bioassays was done by extraction using organic solvents, followed by clean up with silica gel or sulphuric acid, yielding two fractions. The fractions were dissolved in DMSO and tested in the bioassays. The dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay with transfected H4IIE rat hepatoma pGudluc cells and an EROD induction assay with RTL-W1 rainbow trout liver cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The bioassays showed that the sludge contained AhR agonists at levels of TCDD equivalents (TEQs) higher than other sludge types in Sweden. In addition, the TEQ values for the acid resistant fractions increased considerably after anaerobic digestion, resulting in an apparent formation of acid resistant TEQs in the anaerobic reactors. Similar results have been reported from studies of fermented household waste. There was a large difference in effects between the two bioassays, with higher TEQ levels in the RTL-W1 EROD assay than in the DR-CALUX assay. This is possibly due to a more rapid metabolism in rat hepatocytes than in trout hepatocytes or to differences in sensitivities for the AhR agonists in the sludge. It was also demonstrated by GC/FID analysis that the sludge contained high concentrations of nitroaromatics. It is suggested that nitroaromatic metabolites, such as aromatic amines and nitroanilines, are possible candidates for the observed bioassay effects. It was also found that the AhR agonists in the sludge samples were volatile. CONCLUSIONS: The sludge contained fairly high concentrations of volatile AhR agonists. The increase of acid resistant AhR agonist after anaerobic digestion warrants further investigations of the chemical and toxic properties of these compounds and of the mechanisms behind this observation. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This study has pointed out the benefits of using different types of mechanism-specific bioassays when evaluating the change in toxicity by sludge treatment, in which measurement of dioxin-like activity can be a valuable tool. In order to study the recalcitrant properties of the compounds in the sludge using the DR-CALUX assay, the exposure time can be varied between 6 and 24 hours. The properties of the acid-resistant AhR agonists formed in the anaerobic treatment have to be investigated in order to choose the most appropriate method for sludge management. 相似文献
913.
914.
放电等离子体与饲养酵母联合处理味精废水的初步研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
对采用放电等离子体与饲养酵母联合处理味精废水进行了初步研究。结果表明,放电等离子体预处理后废水的CODcr值普遍升高,但经假丝酵母联合处理后CODCr去除率增加了38.3%,效果明显优于仅采用饲养酵母法处理的味精废水,说明放电等离子体预处理可使味精废水中的有机大分子破坏成小分子,有利于生物降解,为味精废水治理提供了一条新的途径。实验初步研究了联合处理后的CODcr去除率与预处理电压、预处理电流、预处理次数的关系,结果表明存在相应的最优值。 相似文献
915.
916.
将计算机实时监测和控制技术引入到城市垃圾焚烧设备中,对回转炉床式焚烧炉的整个流程中各环节的生产数据,进行实时监测及控制,以提高焚烧炉的焚烧量和焚烧质量,使焚烧效率最佳,并且保证系统的安全可靠运行。 相似文献
917.
918.
919.
固体废物在固定床式热解炉内热解产气特性的实验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
垃圾热解技术以其较低的污染排放和较高的能源回收率在固体废弃物处理领域里占有重要地位。利用小型外热型热解炉对城市垃圾、生物质及有害固体废弃物进行热解实验 ,分析发现 ,物料的挥发分、加热方式以及热解终温等对产气影响大 ,随温度的增加产气中H2 含量逐渐增多 ,C2 H4和C2 H6 的含量逐渐下降 ,气体热值有一个最大值。 相似文献
920.
介绍了石材废水集约化处理的一个成功实例,分析、总结了混凝沉淀法处理石材废水的可行性及注意事项,并通过比较得出石材废水集约化处理较分散治理具备明显优势的结论. 相似文献