A methodology for identifying and addressing dead-legs and corrosion issues in a Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)

Identifying dead-legs and related corrosion issues continues to be a challenge in the process industry. Pipeline corrosion has been a factor in several recent incidents involving releases and fires. A review of incident reports and citations over the past ten years indicates that Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) revalidations have been noted for not addressing the hazards of a process including corrosion mechanisms and dead-legs. In order for the hazards to be addressed, they must first be accurately identified in a PHA and documented along with any recommended actions for preventive maintenance. This paper describes a methodology for identifying and addressing dead-legs and related corrosion issues in a PHA that can be used to update corporate PHA procedures to be more robust in preventing corrosion related incidents.     

Alcohol is a predictor of mortality in motor vehicle collisions

IntroductionIt is well recognized that driving while intoxicated increases the probability of a motor-vehicle collision (MVC). The effect of alcohol on the chance of surviving the MVC is less clear. Method: Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) we conducted analyses for the outcome of mortality using alcohol and other variables as predictors. We also selected alcohol positive (AP) and alcohol negative (AN) persons from the same MVC and vehicle to control for confounding characteristics. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for mortality for alcohol positive drivers was 2.57, (p < 0.001 for all the following OR). Other harmful predictive factors were age OR 1.01 per year, vehicle age OR 1.05 per year, male sex OR 1.23, avoidance maneuver OR 1.09, speed related OR 2.89, rollover mechanism OR 2.75, and collision with a fixed object OR 6.70. Protective factors were proper restraint use – OR 0.19 and collision with another moving vehicle, OR 0.21. In the multivariate analysis the OR of mortality for AP vs AN was 1.46. Proper restraint use (OR 0.27) remained protective along with collision with another moving vehicle. When AP and AN persons from the same MVC and the same vehicle were compared, the adjusted OR’s for mortality were 1.46 and 2.08, respectively. Conclusions: Alcohol is an independent predictor of mortality in an MVC. Proper restraint use is the strongest protective factor. This finding allows a more complete understanding of the risks of driving while intoxicated, not only a higher probability of an MVC, but decreased survival once the MVC occurs. Practical Applications: Identification of alcohol as an independent predictor of mortality in an accident may improve risk assessment and influence drivers to avoid driving while intoxicated.     

关帝山八水沟天然植物群落时空梯度的数量分析

在ＤＣＡ排序的基础上，应用排序轴分类法对山西关帝山八水沟景观的天然植物群落进行了数量分类，共划分出７类，效果较好．多元线性回归结果表明ＤＣＡ排序轴与环境因子密切相关．方差分析与多重比较结果表明，结合ＤＣＡ第２与３排序轴的二维排序图反映了群落的时空变异，其中第２排序轴反映了群落在坡向与坡度方面的空间梯度，第３排序轴反映了群落的森林演替、灌丛发育以及各类群落的草本层发育的时间梯度     

碱性印染废水用于燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘技术

介绍了当前国内利用碱性印染废水进行燃煤锅炉烟气湿法脱硫除尘的技术,并对其进行了技术经济分析。     

淮南矿区井下煤炭自燃火灾因素分析及防治措施

１９９０年以来,淮南矿区１１个矿井共发生自燃火灾４９起,自燃发火率平均为每百万吨习煤量０．５３次。通过对该矿区井下煤炭自燃因素和地质条件及开采中出现的自燃发火原因作了具体分析,从中找出发火规律;并对井下煤层自燃发火采取均压通风和直接灭火做了新的尝试,提出了对井下煤炭自燃防治措施。     

林火管理经济学的研究与探讨——单一可变防火要素的最佳投入

用经济学的观点分析了其它防火要素的投入量不变,仅改变某种可变防火要素的投入时,减灾效益Ｅ、边际减灾效益ＥＭ、平均减灾效益Ｅ／Ｆｉ与单一可变防火要素Ｆｉ的关系。提出了如何采用连际分析的方法确定单一防火要素的最佳投入问题。     

2005~2016年中国大气边界层SO2的时空变化趋势

利用臭氧观测仪（OMI）卫星遥感反演的大气边界层（PBL）SO₂柱含量（PBL SO₂）数据分析了自2005年以来中国PBL SO₂柱含量数据的空间分布特征、变化趋势及其影响的原因.从长时间尺度上,PBL SO₂柱含量呈现明显的下降趋势.2005年中国区域年平均PBL SO₂柱含量为0.317DU,2016年为0.276DU,减少了0.041DU,大约为13.2%.SO₂柱含量呈现明显的周期变化特征.冬季浓度较高,夏季较低,最小值和最大值分别出现在7和12月,分别为0.246和0.404DU.小波分析显示SO₂的变化在10个月的尺度水平上存在明显的主振荡周期,在40个月的尺度水平上存在明显的次周期变化.中国区域SO₂污染严重的高值区主要出现在京津冀鲁环渤海地区、关中平原（山西省和陕西省）、河南省大部分地区、四川盆地、长江三角洲地区和珠江三角洲.最大的SO₂柱含量值可达1.1DU以上.京津冀鲁环渤海地区的高值区已经延伸到长江三角洲地区,有向南延伸和珠江三角洲连在一起的趋势.由于地形和天气特征的影响,四川盆地地区SO₂出现次高值区.在青藏高原和西北地区,SO₂浓度较低,呈现背景值特征,多年平均的SO₂约在0.05DU的水平.中国区域SO₂变化趋势在空间分布上存在明显的区域差异,变化的范围在-0.70~0.15DU之间.SO₂出现逐渐减少的地区主要是在高值区,如京津冀鲁环勃海地区、关中平原、四川盆地,长江中下游和珠江三角洲.减幅最大的是四川盆地和珠江三角洲,大约减少了61%.四川盆地2005~2016年约减少了0.55DU;珠江三角洲约减少了0.45DU.出现增长的地区主要是西部和北部地区,以及东南沿海除珠三角外的大部分区域,最大增长大约为0.15DU.     

Long-term observations of tropospheric NO2, SO2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China

Yangtze River Delta(YRD) area is one of the important economic zones in China. However,this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS) network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO_2, SO_2, and formaldehyde(HCHO) in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD(Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai) were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities(VCDs) and profiles of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO.Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO_2 and SO_2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) satellite observations, resulting in R~2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRD under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.     

生态建设补偿机制的框架构建

生态补偿机制目前是国内外研究的热点,生态建设补偿机制是生态补偿机制的重要组成部分。本文首先分析了生态建设补偿机制的内涵,研究构建了生态建设补偿机制的框架。     

水体中磺酸类有机物的检测分析进展

针对水体中磺酸类有机化合物的分离分析,较为系统地总结了近年来国内外学者在磺酸类化合物检测方面所作的研究工作,主要介绍了高效液相色谱、气质联用和电位等检测方法的应用。