Water conservation due to greywater treatment and reuse in urban setting with specific context to developing countries

In India, the per capita water availability is reducing day by day due to rapid growth in population and increasing water demand. Greywater treatment and reuse is one of the feasible options in developing countries like India to overcome this problem. A greywater collection, treatment and reuse system was designed and implemented in an urban household having a water requirement of 165 liter per capita per day (lpcd) and a greywater generation rate of 80 lpcd. An upflow-downflow greywater treatment plant having a screening, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection as major treatment processes was constructed and treated greywater is used for toilet flushing and to irrigate the vegetables in the backyard of the household. Greywater characterisation indicates that COD and BOD are sufficiently reduced during the treatment and there is also substantially reduction in Escherichia coli count. The payback period of this greywater treatment and reuse system is estimated to be 1.6 year.     

土壤污染状况调查综合管理系统开发设计

介绍了土壤污染状况调查综合管理系统的设计开发及整体功能。系统以计算机信息技术、GPS手持终端技术和条码技术作为技术支撑,对土壤污染调查前端布点采样进行了全面、统一和准确的管理,以GIS为平台,实现了对土壤状况进行查询、统计、分析及结果展现。同时,系统具有土壤调查全过程质量控制的功能,对提高土壤调查工作效率、提升管理水平具有重要作用。     

依靠科技进步节能减排,提高钢铁行业发展的内力

节能减排是我国经济发展中必须解决的问题,特别是高耗能产业更应首当其冲。我国钢铁行业节能减排任务很重,但依靠科学技术的进步,提高了企业发展的内力,取得了一定的成绩。但是,钢铁业总能耗依然占到全国总能耗的14%以上,今后面临的节能减排任务仍很艰巨。     

钢渣深处理技术

以昆钢本部及红钢所产的转炉钢渣作为研究对象,研究热泼钢渣的矿物组成,分析钢渣中有价金属的组成,确定不同的粒级、不同的磁场强度,采用干式磁选与湿式磁选相结合的“一段闭路破碎,磁滑轮磁选;一段开路磨矿,一粗一精选别”深度处理流程,应用于红钢钢渣磁选车间及昆钢钢渣磁选厂,获得良好的磁选指标。分析了项目实施过程中渣浆输送断流的原因,找出解决办法。总结了项目产生的效益。     

潜流湿地系统防堵塞设计及运行措施探讨

根据已掌握的国内外湿地技术和实际工程经验,对潜流人工湿地系统的堵塞问题进行了探讨和分析,从工程设计与工程运行的角度,提出了l污水进入潜流湿地系统的基本要求,并给出湿地单元防堵塞的设计方法和运行措施,为人工湿地的建设和运行起到了一定的指导作用。     

Performance of water mist system with base injection in extinguishing small container fires

The purpose of the present work is the experimental investigation on the extinguishment of diesel container fires by a water-mist system with base injection through multiple nozzles placed symmetrically at various positions around the rim of the container. Experimental parameters selected are the orifice diameter of the nozzle, the number of nozzles, position of nozzles (angle of orientation, radial and vertical distance of the nozzle from the edge of the container), and injection pressure. Nozzles used in the present work are pressure-swirl nozzles with Z-type swirl-insert with solid-cone spray. Desirable properties of the system such as the non-clogging operation of the nozzle and uniform mass flux density in the spray are tested for the nozzles. The optimized solution is provided considering water consumption and the physical stability of the fuel surface in the container. Displacement of oxygen is observed as a predominant extinction mechanism due to the effective application of spray in the base region of the fire. The present work provides the parametric study of the extinction establishing the feasibility of the water mist system with a base injection for extinguishing tank fires. This may serve as guidelines for the preliminary design of the system with the extension for larger tank fires.     

Redesign of a component based on ecodesign practices: environmental impact and cost reduction achievements

This paper focuses on ecodesign and its application in the footwear industry aiming to identify how the ecodesign can be applied to the redesign of a shoe component in order to minimize the environmental impact and simultaneously reduce costs of production and assembling. The factors that influence the use of ecodesign, the benefits and the difficulties were also investigated. A longitudinal case study was developed in a company that produces shoe stiffeners. The process of ecodesign implementation and the practices of ecodesign considered during the product redesign were analyzed. A cost reduction of about 10% was observed (in relation to the use of natural fibers and polymers in its composition-31% of biomass and 69% of fossil material). Toxic materials were completely eliminated and a reduction of energy consumption was also noticed (during the injection process). The main contributions of this study are: ecodesign constructs to be further researched the conjoint analysis of technological ability and market potential in a redesign project, and the requirements to gain managerial support for a redesign project.     

包钢中水水质特性分析及其在高炉循环水系统的应用研究

通过现场测试对包钢中水水质类型及其用于高炉循环冷却系统的现状进行了调查研究。确定了在现有条件下4#高炉循环冷却水系统的水质类型为腐蚀为主,兼有结垢;包钢中水为微量结垢和腐蚀型水质,随着浓缩倍数的增加逐步转化为严重结垢型水质。     

微波处理沥青烟气的探讨研究

采用响应曲面分析法,对微波处理沥青尾气时,管式炉加热温度、沥青烟预热温度及流量对处理沥青烟的影响进行了分析。结果表明:微波高温加热处理沥青烟气的方法,大大提高了焚烧法处理沥青尾气的效率,并且具有成本降低、设备简单、易于操作、易于控制、系统阻力较小、污染小等特点,这一工艺的提出,也为沥青烟气的处理方法开拓了新的道路。     

Alternative function fulfilment: incorporating environmental considerations into increased design space

The focal point of this paper is the relatively unknown concept of alternative function fulfilment (AFF), which is a design strategy that can be used to generate new ways of fulfilling a certain function and is referred to in the context of ecodesign. It can be considered an attractive environmental innovation strategy, provided that the increased design space is used to create more sustainable products and services.This paper explores the AFF concept and discusses the implications of adopting this concept. It thus focuses on how design and business processes may need to change to allow the radical shift towards AFF, in order to facilitate the envisaged significant environmental improvements.