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This paper discusses the enhancement of inherent safety review and its implementation in the chemical process development and design. The aim is to update and improve the existing inherently safer design review (ISDR) practices during design of chemical process plant by exploiting major accident cases from the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) and Failure Knowledge Database (FKD). Although the basic guidelines to conduct ISDR during design phase are available, however they are too general and incomplete. The review criteria and their best timing for application are still missing. This paper attempts to develop the accident-based ISDR for chemical process plant design. The proposed accident-based ISDR is supported with detail review criteria for each phase of process design. The timing of ISDR application is corresponding to the common design tasks and decisions made in the design project. Therefore, timely design review could be done at the specific design task and the findings help designer to make a correct decision making. 相似文献
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Adaptation pathways are developed to design adaptive policies to handle climate change uncertainty. Use of this tool varies across planning practices and adaptation challenges and adjusting the tool to particular practices can foster its adequate use. To gain insight into the use of adaptation pathways, we compared four initiatives (one each in Portugal and the Czech Republic and two in the Netherlands) with regard to design choices made. We found six design choices which need to be considered when adjusting adaptation pathways. Design choices about the geographic scale, inclusion of sectors, the generation and delineation of adaptation options, specification of possible pathways, the related performance metrics and the type of assessment are interdependent, but they are also influenced by contextual aspects. Analysis of the institutional diversity, planning culture and framing shows that the use of adaptation pathways is flexible enough to be adjusted for diverging planning practices. However, the tool is best suited to deliver local adaptation solutions, and adequate use depends on consensus about the adaptation problem, setting objective thresholds and determining uncertainty about future change. We conclude that understanding the customised use of tools for local planning practices is essential for adaptive policy design. 相似文献
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This study was performed to investigate the removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater using a modified steel slag as the adsorbent. The adsorption effects of alkalinity, salt, water,and thermal modification were investigated. The results showed that thermal activation at 800℃ for 1 hr was the optimum operation to improve the adsorption capacity. The adsorption process of the thermally modified slag was well described by the Elovich kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model reached 13.62 mg/g. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the modified slag was cracked and that the texture became loose after heating. The surface area and pore volume did not change after thermal modification. In the treatment of domestic wastewater, the modified slag bed(35.5 kg) removed phosphate effectively and operated for 158 days until the effluent P rose above the limit concentration of 0.5 mg/L. The phosphate fractionation method, which is often applied in soil research, was used to analyze the phosphate adsorption behavior in the slag bed. The analysis revealed that the total contents of various Ca–P forms accounted for 81.4%–91.1%, i.e., Ca10–P 50.6%–65.1%, Ca8–P 17.8%–25.0%,and Ca2–P 4.66%–9.20%. The forms of Al–P, Fe–P, and O–P accounted for only 8.9%–18.6%. The formation of Ca10–P precipitates was considered to be the main mechanism of phosphate removal in the thermally modified slag bed. 相似文献
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通过分析药室体积和药室横断面积,应用气体运动相似的特性,推导出一种新的硐室爆破填塞长度设计原则,并给出了计算实例 相似文献
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人类工效型背具的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从人类工效学和劳动生理学角度,对背具的肩带宽度、内背架设置等进行了实验研究和实用效果评价。对背具的设计原则和生物力学配置提出了建议和改进方法 相似文献
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俄罗斯年产天然气5000×108m3,年输天然气2400×108m3,输气干线多采用多管线并列埋设方式。大量的长输管道、加压站和地下储气库的设计和施工都必须解决相应的环境保护问题。在河床处多采用埋管的办法;在沙漠地带要尽可能避开流沙地区;在永冻地区应注意输气管道的加热效应;过铁路的交叉口应设计自动监测系统;在确定管道线路时,必须注意生态保护;用植树绿化等方法尽量减轻加压站内燃气轮机发出的噪音危害;地下储气库的环境保护重点是回注水的处理。最后阐述了管道等输气工程的工作程序及所使用的法规和标准等。 相似文献