宝山区农用土壤中重金属的监测与评价

在研究的8种重金属元素中,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的平均值都超过上海市土壤背景值,但均低于国家土壤环境二级标准。与上海优质农产地环境标准相比较,重金属含量平均值超过标准的有Cr、Pb、Zn,但研究区土壤中8种重金属含量的平均值均低于绿色食品产地环境技术条件和无公害食品产地环境技术条件。宝山区7个城镇农业土壤按多因子潜在生态危害指数评价,庙行镇的生态风险指数最高,月浦镇的生态风险指数最低。从宝山区农田土壤重金属含量的整体情况来看:多因子潜在生态评价值为119.08,宝山区农田土壤达到轻微生态危害。     

Biogenic volatile organic compounds as a potential stimulator for organic contaminant degradation by soil microorganisms

The effects of monoterpenes on the degradation of ¹⁴C-2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) were investigated in soils collected from areas surrounding monoterpene and non-monoterpene-emitting vegetation. Indigenous microorganisms degraded ¹⁴C-2,4-DCP to ¹⁴CO₂, after 1 d contact time. Degradation was enhanced by prior exposure of the soils to 2,4-DCP for 32 d, increasing extents of mineralisation up to 60%. Monoterpene amendments further enhanced 2,4-DCP degradation, but only following pre-exposure to both 2,4-DCP and monoterpene, with total 2,4-DCP mineralisation extents of up to 71%. Degradation was greatest at the higher monoterpene concentrations (≥1 μg kg⁻¹). Total mineralisation extents were similar between concentrations, but higher than the control and the 0.1 μg kg⁻¹ amendment, indicating that increases in monoterpene concentration has a diminishing enhancing effect. We suggest that monoterpenes can stimulate the biodegradation of 2,4-DCP by indigenous soil microorganisms and that monoterpene amendment in soils is an effective strategy for removing organic contaminants.     

南极普里兹湾与太平洋、印度洋海水中90Sr和137Cs的研究

通过对太平洋、印度洋、南极普里北湾表层海水中＾９０Ｓｒ、＾１３７Ｃｓ的分析，可以看出北半球放射必疹高于南半球。南极海域活度最你荒废 域人工放射性核素仍与大气沉降有关。全球人工放性活度吾下降趋势，但各海区下降的程度不同。南极普里兹湾夏季深层水的通升是影响该海区放射性水平的一个重要因素。局部区域的人工放射必不知 度与采样时间和地理位置有关。     

三峡澎溪河流域消落区与岸边土壤磷形态特征

选取了落干期澎溪河流域6个消落区点位,分析了消落区土壤磷形态分布特征,并探讨了各形态磷之间的相关性.结果表明,(1)采用SMT法测定了消落区土壤总磷、无机磷和有机磷含量,其总磷TP含量均值为575.29 mg·kg~(-1),有机磷OP含量均值为91.23 mg·kg~(-1).(2)采用Hedley法分析了消落区土壤磷的5种赋存形态,其中WA-Pi、PA-Pi、Fe/Al-Pi等3种易迁移的无机磷形态之和占可提取Pi的11.61%,且低于岸边土壤;WA-Po、PA-Po两种生物可利用性较高的有机磷形态含量之和占可提取Po的22.28%,而中活性有机磷Fe/Al-Po占可提取Po的66.30%,且消落区土壤各形态Po含量均低于岸边土壤,又以Fe/Al-Po含量差异最大.(3)消落区土壤TP与活性较强的WA-Pt、PA-Pt呈显著相关,表明消落区土壤活性磷含量主要受TP影响;各形态磷之间不具有显著相关性,表明不同形态磷的来源可能不同;消落区土壤Fe/Al-Pt与土壤有机质OM呈显著相关,表明土壤有机质的含量可能影响铁铝结合态磷含量.在淹水条件下,消落区土壤磷组分的释放对上覆水体的潜在影响不容忽视.     

95Zr在土壤中的淋溶与垂直迁移

采用土柱法研究了⁹⁵Zr在浙江省有代表性的3种土壤(小粉土、红黄壤和海泥)中的淋溶和垂直迁移及盐度对其行为的影响.结果显示:①淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶水中95Zr的含量较少,250ml、500ml和750ml 3种不同淋溶水量下,小粉土约占原始引入量的5.33%～7.68%,海泥为0.77%～1.32%,红黄壤几乎为0;且随着总的淋溶水量的增加,被淋溶下的⁹⁵Zr的总量变化不明显,表明⁹⁵Zr一旦被土壤吸附,则不易被解吸;②滞留于土壤中的⁹⁵Zr绝大部分分布在土壤表层,小粉土约有45.99%～50.02%的⁹⁵Zr滞留于0～0.4cm土层范围内,红黄壤和海泥则分别为96.02%～97.16%和95.94%～98.01%;③随淋溶水盐度的增加,表层土(0～0.2cm)中⁹⁵Zr的量明显提高,表明水体盐度增加有助于提高土壤对⁹⁵Zr的吸附率     

温州城市河流河岸带土壤中PAHs的污染特征与来源

为研究城市河流河岸带土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征,于2010年8月沿温州九山外河和山下河河岸带采集了21个表层土壤样品,利用加速溶剂萃取仪（ASE）萃取,净化柱提取净化,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了土壤中18种PAHs的含量.结果表明,温州九山外河和山下河河岸带表层土壤中PAHs含量范围为60.7～3 871.3 ng·g-1,山下河河岸带土壤中ΣPAHs含量显著低于九山外河.两条河流河岸带土壤中的PAHs均以2、3环的低环为主,平均占到PAHs总量的62.47%～72.51%.与国内外其他研究地区土壤中PAHs含量相比,研究河段河岸带土壤中的PAHs处于中等污染水平,但有3个样品中BaP浓度远大于前苏联土壤标准,应引起足够重视.利用Ant/（Ant＋Phe）和Fla/（Fla＋Pyr）比值法和主成分分析方法进行判源,温州城市河流河岸带土壤中的PAHs均表现出明显的燃烧源和石油源的综合来源特征。     

3种四环素类抗生素在石油污染土壤上的吸附解吸

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批量平衡方法研究了3种四环素类抗生素在不同石油污染程度土壤上的吸附和解吸作用,并探讨了土壤中此类抗生素与石油污染物形成的复合污染环境行为.结果表明,3种四环素类抗生素在高石油污染和低石油污染土壤上的吸附和解吸均不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型对吸附和解吸数据具有良好的非线性拟合性(P四环素>金霉素,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01).对于同一种四环素类抗生素,石油污染土壤的不同程度并未对抗生素的吸附容量、吸附强度、吸附等温线形状、吸附机理以及解吸滞后性产生显著影响.因此四环素类抗生素进入石油污染土壤将加重土壤污染的程度和复杂性.     

不同类型土壤中外源镍对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性

按照国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的蚯蚓毒性试验方法,研究了镍离子在我国13种典型土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性,发现镍离子在不同类型土壤中对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化范围为243.8-1970.6 mg·kg-1,镍离子在不同土壤中的毒性大小顺序为:湖南红壤＞重庆紫壤＞江西红壤＞河...     

土壤及场地持久性有机污染的生物修复技术发展及应用

以土壤及场地持久性有机污染物为对象,较为系统地综合评述了国内外污染土壤及场地的生物修复技术发展与应用,并结合当前土壤及场地污染的新特点,提出了生物修复的发展趋势和研究方向.     

Restoration of Riparian Buffer Function in Reclaimed Surface Mine Soils

Ecosystem processes such as water infiltration and denitrification largely determine how riparian buffers function to protect surface water quality. Reclaimed mine areas offer a unique opportunity to study the restoration of riparian function without the confounding influence of past land use. Between 1980 and 2000 in southern Illinois, agricultural fields with forest buffers were established along three restored stream reaches in reclaimed mine land. Our research objective was to compare common indicators of soil quality (infiltration, soil C and N, bulk density, and soil moisture) between forest and cultivated riparian zones to determine if riparian function was being restored. Soil bulk density was significantly lower in the forest buffers compared to the agricultural fields. The forest buffers had greater soil total C, total N, and moisture levels than agricultural fields likely due to greater organic matter inputs. Soil total C and N levels in forest buffers were positively related to age of restoration, indicating soil quality is gradually being restored in the buffers. Restoration success of riparian buffers should not be estimated by the return of structure alone; it also includes reestablishment of functions such as nutrient cycling and water retention that largely determine water quality benefits. Watershed planning efforts can expect a lag time on the order of decades between riparian restoration activities and surface water quality improvement.