锑矿区土壤中锑的形态及生物有效性

通过室内模拟对锑矿区土壤中锑的分布、存在形态及生物有效性进行了研究 .结果表明 :在锑矿区土壤中含有高浓度锑污染 ,其存在状态主要以残渣态为主 ,其次是Fe/Mn结合态、有机 /硫化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态 ,可交换态和水溶态占的比率最小 .不同溶剂对锑的提取率不同 ,NH4NO3对锑的提取率最高 ,其次是EDTA ,HAc和H2 O ,NH4OAc对锑的提取率最小 .土壤中锑主要以五价锑的形态存在 ,几乎占总锑量的 90 %以上 .土壤中生物可利用态锑的浓度比较高 ,一般在 2 5— 1 3 2mg·kg- 1 ,中等可利用态占土壤总锑的1 6 2— 8 2 6 % ,生物不可利用态锑的浓度占 88 2— 97 91 % .     

珠江三角洲工业区土壤(沉积物)重金属污染特征及防治对策--以石龙和容桂工业区为例

对珠三角两个代表性乡镇工业区的土壤（沉积物）重金属污染现状和来源进行了评价。结果表明,两工业区在主要污染元素类型和综合污染程度上很相似,表层土壤（沉积物）均以Hg、As、Cu的污染为主,且均以Hg的污染最严重;但在某些次要污染元素种类以及某些主要、次要污染元素的单个元素污染程度上存在一些差异。柱样沉积物中重金属的变化特征进一步说明,两工业区土壤（沉积物）中重金属的累积与我国尤其是本地区的工农业发展阶段和发展水平密切相关。文章最后提出了乡镇工业区土壤（沉积物）重金属污染的几点建设性防治对策。     

氮沉降影响下酸性森林土壤中水溶性有机氮的分布特征

选取贵州雷公山（LGS）和重庆铁山坪（TSP）两个氮沉降量具有明显差异的森林小流域,对土壤中水溶性有机氮（WSON）的分布特征进行了对比研究.在氮沉降较低的LGS流域土壤水中WSON占总氮的比例可达30%—60%,显著高于氮沉降高的TSP流域.TSP流域土壤浸提液中WSON的比例相较于土壤水有显著增加,说明该流域中WS...     

天然有机质对土霉素在西北灰钙土上吸附行为的影响

抗生素被广泛应用于日常生活中,大量含有抗生素的废弃物通过多种途径进入土壤给人类健康和土壤环境带来了严重危害,因此,探索抗生素类有机污染物在土壤中的吸附机理对土壤污染防治具有重要意义.以西北灰钙土为研究对象、以OTC（oxytetracycline,土霉素）为目标污染物,采用批量法分析灰钙土在添加有机质前、后对OTC的吸附动力学、热力学特征及其影响因素.结果表明:OTC的动力学吸附过程分快吸附阶段（0~2 h）和慢吸附阶段（2~10 h）,10 h之后吸附基本达到平衡,吸附过程拟合均符合准二级动力学模型.对不同温度下OTC在灰钙土上的吸附过程进行拟合显示,Langmuir和Freundlich热力学模型拟合的R2分别在0.930~0.985和0.967~0.973之间;对于不同初始ρ（OTC）在添加有机质灰钙土上的等温吸附过程,Langmuir和Freundlich热力学模型拟合的R2分别在0.952~0.988和0.936~0.971之间,表明这两种模型均可较好地解释此吸附过程;热力学参数ΔGθ（吉布斯自由能变）小于0,ΔHθ（焓变）和ΔSθ（熵变）均大于0,表明吸附为自发进行的混乱程度增大的吸热反应.添加外源性有机质HA（humic acid,胡敏酸）和FA（fulvic acid,富里酸）能增加OTC的吸附量,且自制有机质的促进作用大于市售有机质,HA的促进作用大于FA.随着初始ρ（OTC）的增大,吸附量呈增加趋势;Ca2+和Na+的加入均使OTC的吸附量减小,且离子浓度越高、价态越高,抑制效果越明显;不同pH对OTC吸附的影响均较小.研究显示,不同来源、种类的有机质均可促进OTC吸附,但不会改变吸附平衡时间;HA的疏水性较FA强,对OTC的吸附量较高;溶液pH对OTC吸附影响不显著,但不同价态、浓度的金属阳离子对OTC的吸附有较大影响.      

乌鲁木齐市水磨河底泥及污灌区土壤中有机氯农药的分布

用GC-ECD定量测定了乌鲁木齐市水磨河底泥及污灌区土壤中有机氯农药的含量.结果表明:底泥样品中HCHs和DDTs的含量为0.107-111.69ng·g-1和0.476-66.512ng·g-1,有机氯农药总量为0.583-178.202ng·g-1;土壤中为0.194-6.974ng·g-1和0.520-10.438ng·g-1,有机氯农药总量为0.714-17.412ng·g-1.底泥中HCHs的α/γ比值约为4,底泥和土壤中DDT/(DDE DDD)的比值较大.     

东江流域农村土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其健康风险评估

为了解东江流域农村土壤多环芳烃的分布特征与人类健康风险,采集了30个不同土地利用类型农村表层土壤样品,进行采用索氏抽提法,硅胶/氧化铝（2：1）层析柱分离纯化,最后加内标经气相色谱-质谱仪定量解析的方法测定16种多环芳烃的含量。同时,测定了土壤中不同形态有机质包括总有机碳（TOC）、非水解性有机碳（NHC）、黑碳（BC）以及无定形有机碳（AOC）的含量。结果表明,土壤多环芳烃质量分数在24-238μg·kg-1之间,平均质量分数为107±60μg·kg-1。在16种多环芳烃中,萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并（b）荧蒽的含量最高,占总多环芳烃含量的比重依次为16%、20%、10%和10%。土壤中多环芳烃含量与TOC、NHC以及BC均具有极显著的线性关系（p〈0.01）,三者斜率的大小顺序为BC〉NHC〉TOC（p〈0.01）,表明土壤有机碳中的非水解性有机碳和黑碳在控制土壤中多环芳烃的分布、积累中发挥着重要的作用。土壤中多环芳烃含量与AOC的相关性不显著（p=0.29）。另外,健康风险评价表明儿童暴露的增量终身致癌风险（ILCRs）在可接受的安全范围内（ILCRs 〈10-6）,而成人暴露的增量终身致癌风险则相对较高（10-6皮肤接触〉呼吸;而成人则为：皮肤接触〉误食土壤〉呼吸。     

不同利用方式下吴江市耕地土壤环境质量变化

土地利用方式的不同影响着土壤环境质量的变化。文章采用了2003年江苏省吴江市耕地质量监测中资料,分析了6种不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分及Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cd等5种重金属元素全量的变化,并采用土壤质量综合指数(SQI)法计算不同利用下的土壤环境质量指数。结果表明:近20多年来,吴江市土地利用方式发生了明显的变化,这种变化对本土壤养分和重金属含量产生了十分明显的影响。在稻田、林地、桑园、菜地、果园、旱地六种吴江常见的土地利用方式中,稻田土壤环境质量综合指数显著高于其他利用下,而其他五种利用方式下土壤质量的差别不明显。可见稻田不仅是一种太湖地区传统的利用方式,更是保持环境质量相对最佳的土地利用方式。     

广州周边菜地中多环芳烃的污染现状

以GC/MSD内标法分析了广州五个地区菜地中 1 6种多环芳烃 (PAHs)的分布 ,结果表明 ,菜地土壤中∑PAHs最大为 30 77μg·kg- 1 ,最小为 42 μg·kg- 1 ,绝大部分土壤样品中的∑PAHs含量在 2 0 0 μg·kg- 1 以上 ,属中度污染 .     

Species of copper and zinc in sediments collected from the antarctic ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area

The species of copper and zinc, such as bioexchangeable, skeletal, easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxide), organic combined with sulfides, and detritus with minerals, in mud and sand, separated from the surface Antarctic Ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal (including river and estuarine) sediments, have been analyzed by sequential leaching methods. Results show that in the Antarctic Ocean sediments, high concentrations of total copper (128 mg/kg) and zinc (458 mg/kg) were found in the high mud (99.09%) content samples compared with the low concentrations of total copper (83.8 mg/kg) and zinc (288 mg/kg) in low mud (51.69%) content samples. High concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron are possibly due to the characteristics of manganese nodules, in which the species of copper and zinc are mainly contained in the crystalline Mn oxide phase. In the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the total copper and zinc concentrations in mud and sand vary with season and location. High values were generally observed in the river sediments during the dry season, and low values were in the estuarine and coastal sediments during the heavy rainy season. High percentages of copper (as high as 49.4%) and zinc (as high as 76.7%) in mud and sand were in the bioexchangeable phase including the skeletal phase. This result might be correlated with the problems arising from human impact on copper and zinc as well as sewage pollution in Taiwan. In the organic combined phase, biogenic particulate matter related to higher primary productivity in the Antarctic Ocean is also discussed.     

Effect of dietary fluoride derived from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata)

Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) is the most important cultured marine fish in Japan. Dietary fish meal for yellowtail in aquaculture was replaced with 0.0%, 15.4% and 100.0% Antarctic krill meal (KM0, KM15, and KM100) and with 0.0%, 15.4%, and 100.0% low-fluoride krill meal (LFK0, LFK15 and LFK100). The fish was fed to duplicate fish groups for 92 d (KM trial) or 75 d (LFK trial), and fish growth was monitored.Dietary fluoride (F⁻) concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) were 110, 160, and 580 (KM0, KM15, and KM100, respectively) and 98, 120, and 190 (LFK0, LFK15, and LFK100, respectively). The growth during the experimental period, weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency in fish fed the KM100 diet were markedly lower than the other experimental groups, which showed no marked differences in growth performance.After the experiment, dorsal muscle fluoride concentrations in each group were below the detectable limit (1 mg kg⁻¹), but vertebral bone fluoride concentrations increased with increasing proportion of KM to 655 (KM0), 870 (KM15), and 2150 (KM100) mg kg⁻¹. With increasing LFK in the feed, vertebral bone fluoride concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) increased slightly from 500 (LFK0) to 655 (LFK15), and 695 (LFK100). No histopathological changes were detected in the liver tissue in any experimental group.It has been reported that the fluoride bioavailability was reduced with increasing water hardness, however, the dietary fluoride derived from KM exoskeleton accumulates in vertebral bones of marine fish with growth inhibition, as has already been shown for freshwater fish. Vertebral bone fluoride concentrations in two krill-eating Antarctic marine fish in the wild were 33 000 mg kg⁻¹ (Champsocephalus gunnari) and 15 000 mg kg⁻¹ (Notothenia rossii), but they did not show any adverse effect of growth. Therefore, fish bone fluoride accumulation apparently depends on fish species rather than the salinity of the habitat. Consequently, krill exoskeleton must be removed during the processing of Antarctic krill if indeed these krill are to be used as fish feed. However, LFK can completely replace dietary fish meal without apparent adverse effects.