人为干扰对小兴安岭森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性的影响

以小兴安岭落叶林沼泽湿地为研究对象,对比研究皆伐地、火烧地和落叶松湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性.结果表明:(1)3种湿地类型土壤SOC含量表现为对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05),在0~10 cm土层中皆伐地与对照地相比降低了58.38%,火烧地与对照地相比降低了61.96%.皆伐地与火烧地在不同土层的土壤中SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05);DOC含量对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05).在0~10cm土层中火烧地DOC含量是皆伐地的1.99倍,两者差异不显著(p0.05);不同干扰方式对土壤MBC含量影响的差异主要表现在0~10 cm的土层土壤,对照地分别比皆伐地和火烧地高23.13%和95.79%(p0.05).在不同的土层中皆伐地MBC含量均大于火烧地,与SOC含量的变化趋势一致.(2)与对照地相比,皆伐地与火烧地0~10 cm土层的土壤蔗糖酶活性分别降低了45.59%和36.76%,脲酶活性显著降低了18.22%和55.69%(p0.05),蛋白酶活性降低了19.65%和17.34%,淀粉酶活性降低了6.29%和10.69%.土壤碳组分和酶活性在垂直方向上均表现为随着土层深度增加而减小.皆伐和火烧造成森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性降低.     

绿地再生水灌溉土壤微生物量碳及酶活性效应研究

再生水灌溉引起了土壤理化性质的变化,其对土壤生物活性的影响备受关注.以再生水利用较典型的北京为研究区,分层采集了不同再生水灌溉历史的城区公园绿地与城郊农田表层土壤样品,测定并分析了一些常规理化指标、土壤微生物量碳及5种土壤酶（脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶）活性,探讨长期再生水灌溉下土壤微生物量碳和酶活性的变化.结果表明,再生水灌溉下公园绿地土壤微生物量碳和酶活性均高于其自来水对照灌区,农田上升不明显.与对照相比,公园绿地与农田再生水灌区0～20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳平均含量分别上升了60.1%和14.2%,公园绿地再生水灌区0～20 cm土层中土壤酶活性平均增幅为36.7%,而农田为7.4%.调查区土壤微生物量碳及酶活性均随土壤深度的增加而降低,其中公园绿地0～10 cm与10～20 cm土层间差异极显著.因此,北京地区城市绿地使用再生水长期灌溉有助于提高土壤生物活性.     

磺胺甲噁唑对猪粪堆肥过程中堆料性质与酶活性的影响

以猪粪、小麦秸秆为材料,研究了磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）对高温堆肥过程中理化性质（温度、pH值、E₄/E₆）和酶活性（纤维素酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶）的影响.结果表明：SMZ对堆肥理化性质的影响与其浓度有关.高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ会对微生物活性产生显著抑制作用,表现出堆肥温度难以达到无害化标准,堆料pH值较低（<9.0）.但高浓度（95 mg·kg^-1）SMZ能激活多酚氧化酶活性,且水提浸液E₄/E₆值较低.在堆肥过程中,SMZ对纤维素酶和脲酶活性呈现出“抑制-激活-抑制”的作用,50 mg·kg^-1的SMZ对纤维素酶产生不同程度的激活作用.相比之下,脲酶活性对SMZ的敏感性比纤维素酶更敏感,5 mg·kg^-1的SMZ即能显著抑制脲酶活性,中浓度（50 mg·kg^-1）的SMZ对碱性磷酸酶活性产生了显著的抑制作用.综上,SMZ通过影响酶活性而影响堆肥过程的物质转化.此外,SMZ浓度越大,种子发芽指数越低.当SMZ≥50 mg·kg^-1时,堆肥难以腐熟而对植物毒性较大.     

温室条件下UV-B辐射对蓝藻结皮生长和超微结构的影响

UV-B辐射是野外蓝藻结皮经常面临的一种环境胁迫因子.报道了温室条件下UV-B辐射对蓝藻结皮形态、生理和超微结构特征的影响.在本研究中,首先通过接种具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻形成初始蓝藻结皮,接着以初始蓝藻结皮为材料进行3种辐射处理:光合有效辐射、UV-B辐射+光合有效辐射和N-乙酰半胱氨酸+UV-B辐射+光合有效辐射.在...     

有机物对亚硝化颗粒污泥中功能菌活性的影响

为探明易降解有机物短期冲击对全自养亚硝化颗粒污泥(PNG)中不同功能菌活性的影响,本研究采用多批次连续实验,系统考察了PNG在有机物胁迫与恢复阶段,氮素转化性能与溶解氧(DO)利用情况的演化规律.结果表明,基质C/N比越高,亚硝态氮比累积速率[q(NO-2-N)]的降幅就越大.期间,异养菌(He B)活性的增强,加快了PNG对DO的消耗速率,使得氧亲和力较差的亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性得到了有效抑制.当重新采用无机碳源配水时,q(NO-2-N)数值明显增大,同时He B与NOB的活性均处于较低水平.因此,易降解有机物对全自养PNG系统的冲击具有一定可逆性,该过程有助于巩固氨氧化菌(AOB)的相对优势,提升亚硝化反应的稳定性.     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

贵州汞矿矿区不同位置土壤中总汞和甲基汞污染特征的研究

为了深入理解汞矿矿区土壤中总汞和甲基汞的污染特征,应用AAS、GC-CVAFS方法,分别对贵州万山、务川和滥木厂汞矿矿区不同位置土壤以及对照区土壤中的总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)进行了测定.结果表明,万山汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为1.1～790 mg·kg^-1和0.19～15μg·kg^-1,务川汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.33～317mg·kg^-1和0.41～20μg·kg^-1,滥木厂汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.41～610 mg·kg^-1和0.70～8.8μg·kg^-1.对照区土壤汞含量明显低于矿区土壤,其THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.14～1.2 mg·kg^-1和0.09～0.23μg·kg^-1;对照区土壤THg含量接近或稍高于全球背景土壤THg含量0.01～0.5 mg·kg^-1.研究表明,汞矿区稻田土壤具有较强的汞甲基化能力,其MeHg含量明显高于菜地和旱田土壤;万山汞矿区土壤汞污染程度明显高于滥木厂和务川汞矿区土壤汞污染.     

海南省人类活动对自然生态的影响

将社会库存、水资源足迹和污染足迹纳入生态足迹需求计算模型,改进和完善了生态足迹需求理论与方法. 依据海南省统计年鉴资料,计算并分析了海南省1952—2004年的生态足迹,揭示了海南省52年来对自然资源利用的状况和特征.结果表明:①海南省可再生资源生态足迹占总生态足迹的绝大部分,二者呈同步增长态势,但距离在加大;②海南省对自然资源的利用主要集中于海洋、耕地和能源用地,对草地、林地、淡水水域和建设用地的利用强度相对较小,对水资源的利用强度明显减少;③海南省万元GDP生态足迹呈下降趋势,资源利用效益逐步提高. 海南省生态足迹动态变化的原因包括:①海南省生态足迹的变化是海南省经济生产和消费结构变化的结果,经济和人口增长导致资源的大量消耗,是造成生态足迹不断上升的主要原因;②海南省经济生产的主要方式是农业,农业问题是海南省可持续发展需要解决的首要问题;③海南省对耕地、林地和水资源的利用逐步下降,近几年对水域特别是海洋动物性食品的需求急剧增加,这是居民收入水平上涨的结果。      

生物质炭对Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性的影响

为探究生物质炭对Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性的影响,采用盆栽试验,向模拟Cd污染土壤中添加生物质炭并测定水稻根际土壤团聚体碳循环酶与氧化还原酶活性.结果表明:Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性对添加量为2.5％的生物质炭响应明显,氧化还原酶活性指数值介于0.522～0.792之间.在2.5mg/kg的外源Cd条件下,2.5％的生物质...     

Community participatory landscape classification and biodiversity assessment and monitoring of grazing lands in northern Kenya

In this study, we asked the Ariaal herders of northern Kenya to answer "why, what and how" they classified landscape, and assessed and monitored the biodiversity of 10 km(2) of grazing land. To answer the "why question" the herders classified grazing resources into 39 landscape patches grouped into six landscape types and classified soil as 'warm', 'intermediate' or 'cold' for the purpose of land use. For the "what question" the herders used soil conditions and vegetation characteristics to assess biodiversity. Plant species were described as 'increasers', 'decreasers' or 'stable'. The decreaser species were mostly grasses and forbs preferred for cattle and sheep grazing and the increasers were mostly woody species preferred by goats. The herders evaluated biodiversity in terms of key forage species and used absence or presence of the preferred species from individual landscapes for monitoring change in biodiversity. For the "how question" the herders used anthropogenic indicators concerned with livestock management for assessing landscape potential and suitability for grazing. The anthropogenic indicators were related to soils and biodiversity. The herders used plant species grazing preferences to determine the links between livestock production and biodiversity. By addressing these three questions, the study shows the value of incorporating the indigenous knowledge of herders into classification of landscape and assessment and monitoring of biodiversity in the grazing lands. We conclude that herder knowledge of biodiversity is related to the use as opposed to exclusive conservation practices. This type of knowledge is extremely valuable to conservation agencies for establishing a baseline for monitoring changes in biodiversity in the future.