零价纳米铁对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,通过检测尺寸为20 nm的零价纳米铁暴露下大肠杆菌形貌、生长曲线和细胞内酶活性的变化,研究了零价纳米铁对大肠杆菌的毒性效应,并探讨了其可能的毒性机制.用透射电镜(TEM)观察零价纳米铁与大肠杆菌(JM109)接触后细胞的形态变化;用0、112、560和1 120 mg·L-1的零价纳米铁染毒大肠杆...     

国际标准产业分类体系的供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响、最有权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析了国际标准产业分类体系的供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中供水、污水处理、废物管理和补救活动的修改和调整提供改进建议。     

不同海拔对干热河谷土壤微生物量及活性的影响

以四川宁南县金沙江下游的河谷地带为研究区域,选择不同海拔下的土壤为研究对象,研究不同海拔下土壤微生物量及其活性的变异特征.结果表明,在干热河谷区,海拔对微生物量、基础呼吸强度、诱导呼吸强度(SIR)影响显著,且随着海拔高度的升高,上述指标呈显著线性增加.在海拔705~1005m处随着干热风影响的减少,微生物量及其活性逐渐增加,其后随着海拔的继续升高,干热风影响降低,微生物量及其活性总体趋于稳定.海拔1005~1400m可以作为是干热风影响的过渡区.微生物量、基础呼吸强度、SIR具有明显的干湿季变化且变化规律相似,其中干季微生物量及其活性显著低于湿季.干季代谢商(qCO2)随海拔先降低后升高并趋于稳定,湿季没有显著差异.干季和湿季土壤微生物量与理化属性具有较强的相关性,可以作为评价土壤肥力的指标.上述研究结果表明,在金沙江干热河谷区,干热风是影响土壤微生物量及其活性的主要因子之一,从生态恢复角度出发,应该尽可能的减少干热风和水分对土壤和植被的胁迫作用,促进该区域生态的可持续性发展.     

Improving visitor management approaches for the changing preferences and behaviours of country park visitors in Hong Kong

This study identified the changing preferences of country park visitors in Hong Kong and the potential for such changes to have further negative impacts on the ecologically sensitive areas of country parks. A questionnaire was used to collect feedback from 644 country park visitors to understand their preferences and visitation patterns. To investigate visitors’ preferences and behaviours and to develop better visitor management strategies, the survey data were compared with studies conducted 20 years ago. The results showed that the most popular nature‐based activities of 20 years ago, namely, picnicking and barbecuing, have significantly declined in popularity, while other activities, namely, nature studies and nature photography, have surged in popularity in recent years. These changes in visitor preferences have directly increased the negative impacts of visitors on country parks as they dispersed away from the high intensity recreation zones to the ecological sensitive areas. This emerging group of country park visitors has not been fully considered in the existing approach to visitor management and may irreversibly impact the ecological value of country parks. In this study, visitor management in Hong Kong's country parks was reviewed based on these research findings, and potential improvements were suggested.     

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (C₁₉H₁₅N₄·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cmand 20–40 cmsoil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C_mic)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(4): 4–6, 9 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

经济增长、市场化改革与土地违法

在当前中国经济快速增长和市场化改革逐步推进的过程中,始终面临着较为严重的土地违法问题;土地违法行为的主体不仅包括企事业单位和令人,更涉及各级地方政府以及农村集体组织.为深入了解经济增长与市场化改革对不同主体土地违法行为的影响,本文进行了初步的理论探讨,并运用全国层面的统计数据开展了相应的实证分析.结果表明,随着经济增长速度的加快,政府和企业的土地违法面积均显著增加;而土地市场化水平的提高则能有效减少土地违法的案件数.进一步地,经济增长和市场化改革对各级政府以及企事业单位、个人和农村集体组织土地违法行为的影响也存在一定的差异.本文的研究也指出,为有效控制土地违法行为的扩大,中国政府仍需采取转变经济增长方式、稳步推进市场化改革、引导企事业单位有序用地和不断完善土地督察制度等措施.     

安庆市对外服务能力发展分析——基于城市经济活动基本部分扩展的视角

城市的全部经济活动可分为基本活动部分和非基本活动部分.城市的基本活动部分是城市对外服务部分,也是城市发展的主要内部驱动力.以安庆市为例,以2001-2007年城市经济活动基本部分的扩展为切入点,用城市经济活动基本部门从业人数的扩展描述城市外向功能量的发展,再用城市流强度量化城市对外服务功能.结果表明,安庆市近几年对外服务能力呈明显增长态势,城市经济活动基本部分的扩展决定了城市对外服务能力的增长,并且城市第二产业的对外服务能力较强.     

东北地区植被时空演变及影响因素分析

基于2000~2020年MODIS NDVI遥感数据,辅以气象数据和土地利用数据,通过小波分析、Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析、Hurst指数、偏相关分析及残差分析法,以不同地形地貌为单元,对不同周期阶段下东北地区植被时空演变特征及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制进行深入解析.结果表明:时间上,21a间东北地区植被NDVI呈速率为0.0308/10a(P<0.001)的上升趋势,以16a第一主周期下10a左右的周期变化最为稳定;空间上,东北地区植被NDVI整体处于较高水平,但空间分异明显,呈“西南低东北高”的格局.各周期阶段均为NDVI改善面积大于退化面积且改善范围不断扩增.NDVI未来变化趋势主旋律为持续改善,占总面积的63.56%;响应机制上,东北地区植被NDVI受气候变化与人类活动共同影响.2000~2020年NDVI与气温、降水和相对湿度呈正相关,与日照时数呈负相关,其中降水对NDVI的影响作用最强,且随周期演替以降水为主导气候因子的面积显著递增.各周期阶段人类活动对NDVI变化均以正向促进为主,林业工程实施是植被状况改善的关键,而建设用地扩张是植被减少的主要原因.     

大尺度生态干扰风险评估技术方法及应用研究

为实现大尺度生态干扰高风险区域的快速、有效识别,从生态易损性、干扰易达性和资源易引性三个方面选取了9个指标,构建了生态干扰风险评估指标体系和评估模型,形成了完整的大尺度生态干扰评估技术与方法.利用该技术方法,本文评估分析了全国国土空间生态干扰风险状况、空间分布格局及其成因,并结合2017~2019年全国自然保护区人类活动监测数据和《全国主体功能区规划》中生态脆弱性评价结果对生态干扰风险评估结果进行了精度分析.结果显示：超过90%的自然保护区人类活动都集中在评估得到的中高风险区域;全国生态干扰风险主要以中风险为主、低风险次之、再次是较低风险、较高和高风险区域面积最少;其中较高和高风险区域主要分布在我国中西部和东北部的秦岭、祁连山、三江源和内蒙古草原等区域,生态干扰风险空间分布格局与生态系统结构与功能状况、地形与交通条件、资源潜力等因素具有较强相关性.     

Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOC_S, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM₁₀ and SO₂, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH₃ and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH₃) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.