对羟基苯甲酸酯雌激素活性物种差异的理论研究

受体功能区结构的分化是导致部分环境污染物内分泌干扰效应种间选择性的主要原因之一.本研究采用同源模建的方法构建了青鳉的雌激素受体α亚型(medERα)配体结合区的三维结构,并与人的hERα结构进行比对.在此基础上,经过分子对接分析了对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物及其含氯衍生物与两个物种ERα作用模式的差异及其分子基础,并基于此提...     

濮阳市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及来源解析

濮阳市作为京津冀周边地区大气污染传输通道城市之一,秋冬季重污染天气频发,空气污染问题严峻.为了研究濮阳市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及其主要来源,于2017年10月15日至2018年1月13日在濮阳市3个国控点对PM_(2.5)进行了手工膜采样与化学组分分析,并结合PMF受体模型,开展了细颗粒物来源解析研究.结果表明,濮阳市2017年秋冬季PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为94. 16μg·m~(-3),濮水河管理处的污染状况最严重,进入采暖季后3站点均表现为重度及严重污染事件频发,轻度污染发生频率降低,重污染发生时NO_2与CO浓度升高明显. PM_(2.5)中的主要组分为水溶性离子(52. 33%)、碳质组分(25. 32%)和地壳元素(0. 08%),NO_3~-的含量高而SO_4~(2-)的浓度水平较低.重污染发生时,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子、OC、EC和K浓度都出现了明显的升高,而地壳元素浓度降低.采样期间濮阳市的硫氮转化率水平较高,大气氧化性较强,硫氮转化促进了重污染的发生.濮阳市2017年NOx、CO和VOCs排放量较高,来源解析结果表明,濮阳市秋冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源分别为二次无机盐(37%)、工业源(16%)、二次有机气溶胶SOA(14%)、生物质燃烧源(12%)、移动源(9%)、燃煤源(7%)和扬尘源(4%).可见,二次转化在濮阳重污染的形成过程中起到重要作用,要减轻大气细颗粒物污染,需要重点控制工业源、生物质燃烧、移动源和民用散煤燃烧的排放.     

Detection and enumeration of colonic mucosal cells in amniotic fluid using a colon epithelial-specific monoclonal antibody

Since its introduction, prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal and metabolic disorder by mid-trimester amniocentesis has relied upon the use of a mixture of fetal cells obtained from amniotic fluid. Little knowledge has been gained in the sorting of these cells for diagnosis of tissue-specific disorders. In an attempt to determine the contribution of fetal colonic mucosal cells to the overall amniocyte population, we used the colonic epithelial-specific monoclonal antibody (MC-Ab) 7E₁₂H₁₂, IgM isotype. Specimens of the small intestine, colon, buccal mucosa, kidney, urinary bladder, and umbilical cord were obtained from electively aborted normal fetuses of 12–28 weeks' gestation. All of these specimens were examined with 7E₁₂H₁₂ by the immunoperoxidase technique. The MC-Ab reacted with the colonic epithelial cells but not with any of the other tissues. In addition, 40 amniotic fluid samples obtained from women between 16 and 18 weeks of gestation, who underwent amniocentesis because of advanced maternal age, were tested using a fluorescent activated cell sorter. Among the amniotic fluid specimens examined, 18·4 ± 10·3 percent cells reacted with 7E₁₂H₁₂. Double immunofluorescence studies revealed that all Mc-Ab-stained cells contained secretory component, confirming that they were epithelial in origin. All fetuses whose amniotic fluid was analysed had normal karyotypes and amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprctein levels that were also normal. This study demonstrates that cell-specific Mc-Ab can be used to detect colon cells in the amniotic fluid and that colon cells contribute significant numbers in the mixture of amniotic fluid cells. This technique could be helpful in the prenatal diagnosis of disorders in which the flow of amniotic fluid through the fetal intestine is impaired, such as cystic fibrosis, imperforate anus, Hirschsprung aganglionic megacolon, and intestinal atresia.     

基于受体模型和地统计学相结合的土壤镉污染源解析

研究了武汉市东湖高新技术开发区约150km2范围内土壤重金属Cd元素的含量分布和潜在来源情况. 并利用主成份分析/绝对主成分分数(PCA/APCS)受体模型定量解析了土壤中Cd的来源, 结果表明土壤中Cd的来源以源1为主(来源分担率为:源167%、源28%、源316%,其他源9%).同时利用该受体模型得到了在每个采样点的源贡献量, 并用地统计学方法插值了Cd的源贡献量的空间分布状况.结果显示, Cd各个源贡献量具有不同的空间分布状况, 其中最大源1的高贡献值主要集中在研究区中部. 结合PCA分析和源贡献量空间分布状况, 初步推断源1可能为电子工业源,源2为城市大气沉降,源3应为成土母质. 研究结果表明, 将PCA/APCS受体模型和地统计学方法相结合可以有效地对土壤重金属隐性污染源进行定性识别及定量解析.     

Thymic involution produced by diesel exhaust particles and their constituents in mice

Epidemiological studies suggest that diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contribute to an increase in allergic diseases. To assess the effects of DEP on the central immune system, mice were exposed to DEP by intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Exposure to DEP resulted in severe thymic involution accompanied by a reduction in the number of thymocytes, especially in cortical CD4⁺CD8⁺ double positive and double negative subsets. Core carbon particles associated with a mixture of chemical compounds in DEP did not appear to be responsible for the DEP-induced thymic involution because carbon graphite does not affect neither the number nor the CD4/CD8 profile of thymocytes. Extraction of DEP by ether, acidic and basic solvents showed that several independent fractions including the neutral ether fraction, which contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), induced thymic involution. Among major PAH components of DEP, benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) were very potent inducers of thymic involution at an ED50 of less than 100?ng per mouse body. Nonetheless, DEP treatment of mice with targeted disruption of genes encoding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), or microsomal epoxide hydolase (mEH) indicated that DEP produced thymic involution even in the absence of PAH-induced AHR/ARNT signal transduction or mEH-mediated PAH catabolism. On the other hand, BaP-mediated thymic involution was completely dependent on AHR, partially dependent on ARNT in T cells, and independent of mEH. These results indicate that DEP-induced thymic involution is mediated both by PAH-AHR/ARNT-dependent and -independent mechanisms.     

出生前后全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）暴露对大鼠额叶皮质中IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2 mRNA水平的影响

为研究出生前后不同时期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对大鼠仔鼠额叶皮质胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体(IGF-ⅠR)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2(IGFBP-2)mRNA水平的影响,将28只受孕Wistar大鼠按3:2:2的比例随机分到对照(C)、低剂量(L)和高剂量(H)组中,从妊娠第0天开始分别自由摄食含0、7.2、14.4mg·kg-(1以饲料中的PFOS计)的粉末状饲料进行连续染毒至出生后28天.采用交叉哺育的方法建立出生前后均不暴露(CC)、仅出生前暴露(LC和HC)、仅出生后暴露(CL和CH)、出生前后均暴露(LL和HH)于PFOS的动物模型.采用半定量RT-PCR法检测各组仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2mRNA水平的变化.结果表明,对照组仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-2mRNA在PD14时处于较高水平,而在PD1和PD28时水平较低;IGF-ⅠRmRNA在PD1时只处于较低水平,随年龄的增加而逐渐升高.在PD1时,暴露组仔鼠IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR、IGFBP-2mRNA水平显著高于对照组(p<0.05).在PD14时,除LC组仔鼠IGF-ⅠRmRNA水平显著高于对照组之外,其余各暴露组仔鼠3者mRNA水平均显著低于对照组(p<0.01).此外,出生后暴露PFOS组的仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-2mRNA水平降低程度比出生前暴露PFOS组仔鼠更高.在PD28时,暴露组仔鼠IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠRmRNA水平显著低于对照组(p<0.01),而IGFBP-2mRNA水平与对照组之间的差异无显著性(p>0.05).出生前后不同时期暴露PFOS导致大鼠仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2mRNA水平变化,为PFOS发育神经毒性的研究提供了一定的线索.     

Source apportionment studies for particulates (PM10) in Kozhikode,South Western India using a combined receptor model

In the present work, source apportionment studies were carried out for particulate matter – one among the significant pollutants as addressed by The National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Advantages and disadvantages of each receptor model were addressed using a combined receptor model which integrates Factor Analysis (FA), Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB). Verification of the approach was done using sets of synthetic data as well as field data from Kozhikode. Sampling was carried out in National Institute of Technology, Calicut for a period of over 26 days with 24-hour sampling. The sampling gave an average PM concentration value in the range of 29.174–129.176 µg m^?3. Studies using field data revealed five dominant sources and their contributions obtained from CMB and PMF were compared. Soil dust (contribution from CMB: 18%; contribution from PMF: 16%), marine aerosol (17%; 25%), construction and aggregate processing (46%; 11%), garden waste combustion (18%; 45%), and vehicular exhaust (1%; 3%) were major contributors in the site under study. The outcomes of the study integrated with the support of local authorities and by the acceptance of residents can definitely curb the pollution levels in the site under the study.     

改进型重组基因酵母TR-GRIP1检测化合物甲状腺激素干扰活性

应用酵母双杂交技术构建重组TR(甲状腺激素受体)基因酵母,用以检测类/抗甲状腺激素化合物及环境样品的甲状腺激素干扰活性. 提取并纯化含有TR基因的酵母表达质粒pGBT9-TR以及含有TR共激活因子GRIP1基因的酵母表达质粒pGAD424-GRIP1,将pGBT9-TR和pGAD424-GRIP1同时转化至酵母细胞Y187,以营养缺陷型培养基(SD/-Trp/-Leu)筛选阳性菌落,构建TR-GRIP1双杂交酵母. 考察该酵母与天然甲状腺激素——T₃(三碘甲状腺原氨酸)的结合情况,确定最佳暴露时间,建立剂量－效应关系曲线. 结果表明:TR-GRIP1双杂交酵母能够与T₃结合诱导β-半乳糖苷酶活性,选择暴露时间为2 h,T₃诱导酶活性的EC₅₀值为1.1×10-7 mol/L;构建的重组基因酵母TR-GRIP1提供了检测化合物甲状腺激素干扰活性的新方法.      

大气颗粒物源解析受体模型优化技术研究

针对大气颗粒物来源解析技术存在的2大问题:二次有机碳(SOC)对CMB模型的影响及源与受体不匹配程度对源成分谱共线性的影响,给出了解决方案.对于SOC影响的问题,提出从受体的角度扣除SOC,对CMB模型进行修正,降低SOC的影响;对于共线性问题,提出了PCA/MLR-CMB复合模型,复合模型首先进行PCA/MLR的解析,降低受体中未知源的影响,使得纳入CMB模型中的源和受体匹配程度大大提高,从而使得共线性源类能够得到理想的结果.     

环境和人体中氯代/溴代多环芳烃的研究进展——污染来源、分析方法和污染特征

氯代/溴代多环芳烃（Cl/Br-PAHs）是一类具有与二噁英和多环芳烃（PAHs）相似结构和致癌效应的新兴持久性毒害污染物,其环境行为归趋和潜在风险受到了高度重视.本研究以"Cl-PAH*" OR "Br-PAH*" OR "H-PAH*" OR "chlorinated PAH*" OR "brominated PAH*" OR "halogenated PAHs" OR "chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon*" OR "brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon*" OR "halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon*"为主题对Web of Science核心合集数据库进行了检索,并着重对环境/人体中Cl/Br-PAHs污染来源、污染特征和分析方法的研究进展进行了综述.结果表明：截止2021年1月,环境/人体中Cl/Br-PAHs的相关文献共计225篇.这些研究表明：Cl/Br-PAHs主要来源于废弃物焚烧、汽车尾气排放、金属冶炼、电子垃圾拆解等热过程和光化学反应过程;目前已在全球各类环境介质中被检出,并表现出持久存在性、长距离迁移性和生物可利用性;Cl/Br-PAHs被证实具有与其母体PAHs相似甚至更强的毒性,但目前对其形成机理和环境行为尚不明确,也尚未有统一有效且精准的分析方法,已报道的化合物种类十分有限,总体研究处于起步阶段.结合目前Cl/Br-PAHs的研究现状和存在的问题,今后应在其高通量精准筛查分析、源排放指纹识别追溯、环境迁移转化行为及潜在风险上开展研究.