双酚A(BPA)暴露对WHHL家兔糖类和脂类代谢的影响

为利用和人类更为接近的动物模型来研究在高脂血症条件下,BPA暴露是否能促进脂类和糖类代谢异常,并探索潜在的毒性效应机制,选取渡边可遗传高脂血症家兔(WHHL)模型,通过灌胃的方式将其暴露于400μg·kg-1体重的BPA溶液长达12周。在持续暴露第8周,检测了在空腹状态下,家兔血浆中葡萄糖、胰岛素和脂肪含量的变化,并根据所得结果进行了静脉注射胰岛素耐受试验(IVTT)。在暴露第12周,同样对空腹状态下,家兔血浆中的葡萄糖,胰岛素和脂肪含量进行了检测,并测量了血压和心率。然后,将所有的家兔进行解剖,通过苏木精-伊红(HE)及糖原(PAS)染色分别对心脏和肝脏部位的脂肪及糖原蓄积情况进行了病理学切片分析。同时,检测了肝脏中与脂类和糖类代谢相关基因在m RNA水平上的表达变化。结果显示,BPA暴露8周后促使WHHL家兔发生了胰岛素抵抗现象,导致第12周血糖及胰岛素含量升高,同时也促进了高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及游离脂肪酸(NEFA)含量的上升。BPA暴露第12周,暴露组WHHL家兔的冠状动脉粥样硬化损伤程度未发生明显增加,但心肌细胞发生了肿胀,胞质中出现了脂肪的蓄积,同时伴随着心律失常。肝脏重量发生增加,肝细胞中同时出现了脂肪和糖原的蓄积现象,相关基因的表达发生了显著上调。研究结果表明,BPA持续暴露可促进WHHL家兔发生脂类和糖类代谢异常,其毒性效应机制可能和胰岛素抵抗及相关基因的异常表达有关。     

Characterization and catabolic genes detection of three oil-degrading Rhodococcus spp.北大核心CSCD

Oil pollution is one of the major factors causing environmental deterioration. Bioremediation of oil contaminated environments by microorganisms attracts much research attention. This study aimed to screen efficient oil-degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil and analyze their characteristics and catabolic genes. Oil-degrading bacteria were screened from oil contaminated soil in minimal medium containing crude oil and identified by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Their growth and degradation characteristics were studied with ultraviolet spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. The surfactant production was studied by adopting culture method. The major oil-degrading related genes were detected by t he PCR a mplification. As a result, t hree oil-degrading bacteria strains named KB1, 2182 and JC3-47 were isolated from the oil contaminated soil samples. The strains could use crude oil as the sole carbon source to degrade oil with a degrading rate of 41.02%, 32.26% and 55.90%, respectively, when cultured in minimal medium containing crude oil for 3 days. The bacteria were identified to belong to genus Rhodococcus. With 100% similarity of 16S rDNA sequences of the three strains with known ones of Rhodococcus, KB1 was preliminarily identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis, 2182 as Rhodococcus equi, and JC3-47 as Rhodococcus qingshengii. They grew well at 10-50 °C, with the initial pH of 3-9 and the NaCl concentration of 0-5%. The optimal temperature for bacterial growth was 35 °C, 35 °C and 30 °C respectively. KB1 and 2182 could grow at pH 2 and 9.0% of NaCl. The bacteria grew well in broth containing different organic substrates as sole carbon source, such as n-dodecane, n-octadecane, benzene, methylbenzene, xylene and naphthaline. KB1 and JC3-47 could grow well in broth containing pyrene. GC-MS analysis revealed that the bacteria could effectively degrade medium- and long-chain alkane components in crude oil. The bacteria produced biosurfactants and decreased the surface tension of the culture broth. They also showed adhesion activities to n-hexadecane. The oil-degrading related genes such as alkane monooxygenase, aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase and catechol dioxygenase genes were detected in all the three strains. Besides, biphenyl dioxygenase genes were detected in KB1 and 2182. The isolated Rhodococcus spp. strains could effectively degrade petroleum hydrocarbons with high adaptabilities to extreme environments such as high salt and low temperature. They are supposed to be applied broadly in the bioremediation of oil contaminated soil in such environments.     

多溴联苯醚微生物降解过程与机理的研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)属溴代阻燃剂,曾因其优良的阻燃性能而广泛应用于电子电器、石油化工和建材纺织等工业产品中.然而,随着大量生产和使用,PBDEs已成为大气、水体、土壤和生物体等多环境介质中普遍检出且极具生态风险的有机污染物.因此,开展微生物降解研究对于典型环境中PBDEs污染风险消除和污染修复,具有重要的科学意义.本文从PBDEs环境归趋行为及其暴露风险出发,综述了PBDEs微生物厌氧降解和好氧降解的最新研究动态,比较分析了两种降解过程的降解特性与影响因素,并针对微生物,尤其是好氧微生物降解机理,阐述了bph A或etb A功能基因及其编码酶对PBDEs好氧降解过程的调控作用,同时就PBDEs微生物高效降解菌种选育、降解机理等方面的研究趋势进行了展望.     

The exposure risks associated with pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in bioaerosol from municipal landfill and surrounding area

Pathogenic microbes with antibiotic resistance can thrive on municipal solid waste as nutrients and be aerosolized and transported to vicinities during waste disposal processes. However, the characterization of pathogenic bioaerosols and assessment of their exposure risks are lacking. Herein, particle size, concentration, activity, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity of airborne microorganisms were assessed in different sectors of a typical landfill. Results showed that active sector in downwind direction has the highest bioaerosol level (1234 CFU/m³), while residential area has the highest activity (14.82 mg/L). Botanical deodorizer from mist cannon can effectively remove bioaerosol. Most bioaerosols can be inhaled into respiratory system till bronchi with sizes ranging from 2.1−3.3 and 3.3−4.7 µm. Pathogenic bacteria (Bacilli, Bacillus, and Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia) and allergenic fungi (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Curvularia) prevailed in landfill. Although high abundance of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) producing bioaerosols were detected, these mVOCs contributed little to odor issues in landfill. Notably, surrounding areas have higher levels of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) than inner landfill with tetC, acrB, acrF, mdtF, and bacA as dominant ones. Most ARGs were significantly correlated with bacterial community, while environmental parameters mainly influenced fungal prevalence. These findings can assist in reducing and preventing respiratory allergy or infection risks in occupational environments relating to waste management.     

荒漠绿洲土壤抗生素抗性基因分布特征及驱动机制

荒漠绿洲农田生态系统是干旱区环境下人类活动显著的复合生态系统.土壤微生物抗生素抗性与人类健康和生态平衡关系密切.研究荒漠绿洲环境不同土地利用类型模式下土壤抗生素抗性基因的多样性、分布特征和影响因素,对于评估干旱区土壤环境健康风险,促进绿洲农业生态的发展具有重要意义.采用高通量测序和高通量定量PCR技术对荒漠绿洲土壤微生物的群落结构和抗生素抗性基因多样性开展了研究,旨在探究干旱区土壤抗性基因的分布特征及其驱动机制.结果表明,从沙漠边缘到绿洲,荒漠沙生植物土壤、棉花地土壤、玉米地土壤、芦苇地土壤和湖泊沉积物中抗生素抗性的种类和丰度显著增加,与土地利用变化关系密切,农田土壤是抗性基因的重要存储库;荒漠绿洲土壤微生物群落与抗生素抗性基因显著相关,硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、沙漠细菌属(Pontibacter)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、耐盐微杆菌属(Salinimicrobium)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等是各类抗性基因重要的潜在携带者;干旱区土壤中重(类)金属元素和可移动基因元件,与微生物群落共同塑造了抗生...     

Function of arsATorf7orf8 of Bacillus sp. CDB3 in arsenic resistance

Bacillus sp. CDB3 isolated from an arsenic contaminated cattledip site possesses an uncommon arsenic resistance (ars) operon bearing eight genes in the order of arsRYCDATorf7orf8. We investigated the functions of arsA, arsT, orf7 and orf8 in arsenic resistance using a plasmid-based gene knockout approach in the ars genedeficient Escherichia coli strain AW3110. The CDB3 arsA genewas shown to play a significant role in resistance, suggesting that the encoded ArsA may couplewith the arsenite transporter, forming an ArsAY complex that can enhance arsenite extrusion efficiency. Thedisruption of either arsT or orf7was not observed to affect arsenic resistance in the heterologous E. coli host, but their involvement in arsenic resistance can not be excluded. The orf8 gene is predicted to encode a putativedual-specificity protein phosphatasewhich also shares certain homology to arsenate reductases. The function loss of orf8 resulted in a remarkabledecrease in resistance to arsenate, though not arsenite. To examine if this effectwasdue to the reduction of arsenate by orf8, the arsC genewithin the 8-gene operonwasdisrupted. The resulting abolishment of arsenate resistance suggests that the involvement of orf8 in arsenic resistance is not via reductase activity.     

华北平原典型城市土壤微生物群落时空变化规律及其驱动因子

微生物群落结构和功能受多种环境因素的共同影响,为阐明典型城市土壤中微生物群落的时空变化规律及其主要影响因素,亟需开展典型城市土壤中微生物群落时空动态变化特征研究.鉴于此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄市为研究区,共设置12个采样点,分别于2021年6月（夏季）和9月（秋季）采集表层土壤,并利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对土壤中微生物群落结构及功能进行研究,探究其时空变化规律;同时运用Pearson相关性分析建立微生物群落与环境因子间的相关性,识别微生物群落时空变化的主要驱动因子.结果表明：①石家庄市表层土壤中主要优势菌门为放线菌（Actinobacteriota）和变形菌（Proteobacteria）;就季节变化而言,在门水平上,Actinobacteriota和Proteobacteria相对丰度均呈降低趋势;在属水平上,夏季主要优势菌属为节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和未知分类菌属,秋季主要优势菌属为Arthrobacter和Candidatus_Nitrocosmicus,且优势菌属呈显著季节差异（P<0.05）;②就季节变化而言,Simpson、Ace和Chao指数均值呈升高趋势,而OTU均值呈降低趋势;就空间差异而言,Shannon指数和Simpson指数呈显著空间差异（P<0.01和P<0.05）;③各类功能基因无显著季节和空间差异;其中能源生产和转换类功能基因相对丰度最高,在夏季和秋季的相对丰度分别为24.06%~24.84%和24.63%~25.98%;④微生物群落结构组成、多样性指数和功能基因与喹诺酮类抗生素（QNs）、总磷（TP）和硝氮（NO₃^--N）呈显著相关,且与QNs显著相关性最强（|r| >0.900）;这表明在石家庄市表层土壤中抗生素成为影响微生物群落变化的主要驱动因素.因此,为保障城市土壤中微生物群落结构和功能稳定,应进一步加强土壤中抗生素污染的综合管控.     

高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为揭示高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征,分析了抗生素抗性基因在菜地、果园和耕地土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,所有土壤样品中共检出70种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动基因元件,其中β-内酰胺类cphA-01抗性基因是农用地土壤中相对丰度最高的耐药基因.在菜地和果园土壤中,主要的抗性基因亚型为cphA-01和cmx（A）,而耕地土壤以mexF和aacC基因为主.土壤中抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度和多样性均表现为：耕地<菜地<果园,这与不同农用地土壤的养分条件差异有关.类似地,土壤中可移动基因元件的相对丰度和多样性均以耕地土壤为最低,而其最高值分别出现在菜地和果园样品中.高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中可移动基因元件与抗生素抗性基因丰度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明基因水平迁移可能促进抗生素抗性基因在高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中扩散.     

Combined pollution of arsenic and Polymyxin B enhanced arsenic toxicity and enriched ARG abundance in soil and earthworm gut microbiotas

Polymyxin B (PMB) is considered as the last line of antibiotic defense available to humans. The environmental effects of the combined pollution with PMB and heavy metals and their interaction mechanisms are unclear. We explored the effects of the combined pollution with PMB and arsenic (As) on the microbial composition of the soil and in the earthworm gut, as well as the spread and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The results showed that, compared with As alone, the combined addition of PMB and As could significantly increase the bioaccumulation factor and toxicity of As in earthworm tissues by 12.1% and 16.0%, respectively. PMB treatment could significantly increase the abundance of Actinobacteria in the earthworm gut (from 35.6% to 45.2%), and As stress could significantly increase the abundance of Proteobacteria (from 19.8% to 56.9%). PMB and As stress both could significantly increase the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which were positively correlated, indicating that ARGs might be horizontally transferred. The inactivation of antibiotics was the main resistance mechanism that microbes use to resist PMB and As stress. Network analysis showed that PMB and As might have antagonistic effects through competition with multi-drug resistant ARGs. The combined pollution by PMB and As significantly promoted the relative abundance of microbes carrying multi-drug resistant ARGs and MGEs, thereby increasing the risk of transmission of ARGs. This research advances the understanding of the interaction mechanism between antibiotics and heavy metals and provides new theoretical guidance for the environmental risk assessment and combined pollution management.     

菌株WYT降解还原蓝4的关键基因

以印染厂活性污泥中筛选出的WYT菌株为研究对象,探索其对还原蓝4（VB4）染料降解脱色的关键基因.采用全基因组测序分析方法和同源重组法,确定染料代谢的可能关键基因.对该基因进行敲除,构建载体进行基因回补,设计表型验证实验验证基因的脱色效果.结果表明,该可能关键基因属于染料过氧化物酶基因中的B型,命名为DyP.敲除后的菌株对VB4没有脱色效果,基因敲除成功.WYT菌株与敲除载体发生双交换,获得回补株.在降解实验中,回补株对VB4的脱色率为96.04%,野生株的脱色率为96.95%,回补株恢复了对VB4的降解脱色能力,而敲除株几乎失去对VB4的降解能力,DyP基因是VB4降解脱色的关键基因.