介质阻挡放电脱硝的研究

介质阻挡放电(DBD)作为低温等离子体技术常被用于烟气中污染物的脱除。研究了利用DBD技术脱除烟气中一氧化氮(NO)的效果,以及氧气(O₂)、乙烯(C₂H₄)和放电区间活性炭添加对NO脱除率的影响。结果表明:当O₂浓度小于3%时,O₂的增加对NO的脱除有促进作用;大于3%时,O₂的增加会产生过量的氧自由基(·O),对NO的脱除产生抑制作用。添加活性炭和C₂H₄均能明显提升NO的脱除效果。在三者结合作用下,NO的脱除率可达到90%,特别是C₂H₄的增加对NO的脱除有促进作用。     

A numerical study of soil cover performance

In the investigation of soil cover design options for final decommissioning of reactive mine waste, it is often necessary to analyze or predict the anticipated cover performance as a function of the cost of implementation, which is governed by the type, number and thickness of the layers in the cover system. An example of such investigation is presented in this study where one-dimensional evaporation from hypothetical moisture-retaining cover systems is simulated to assess the influence of several cover properties and hydrogeologic parameters on performance. The commercially available transient flow model, SoilCover, was used to compute suction and water content profiles for different cover design scenarios. The predicted water content profile and porosity of layers were then used to estimate the oxygen diffusion coefficients of the various layers. The oxygen diffusion coefficients were used to estimate oxygen flux through the cover systems. The oxygen flux was, in turn, related to the maximum acid flux. The studied cover and hydrogeologic parameters included soil type, thickness of barriers, and water table elevation. Two types of infiltration and oxygen barrier and two types of capillary layer with different thicknesses were studied. The water table was either kept constant at the base of the waste (tailings) or dropped by 0.5, 1, 2, and 3m over 120 days. The results showed that the relationship between water table depression and the thickness of capillary layers, on one hand, and desaturation of the infiltration and oxygen barrier, on the other, is not linear. Relationships between oxygen flux and barrier thickness and between cost increase and performance improvement of the studied cover systems are presented. Finally, a method that outlines steps for site-specific and economically feasible design of multi-layer cover systems is introduced.     

纳米天然黄铁矿对土壤和地下水中铬的原位固定技术

采用机械球磨活化方法制备了纳米级黄铁矿,将其作为可渗透反应屏障中的介质材料,用于原位固定土壤和地下水中的Cr(Ⅵ),通过柱实验研究了黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)动态反应(吸附)和解吸附的性能,并结合高分辨率透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对黄铁矿材料进行了表征,同时对反应机理进行了探讨。结果表明：在纳米天然黄铁矿填充的PRB反应器中,FeS₂能够有效地处理含铬废水并将Cr(Ⅵ)原位固定在土壤中;在反应过程中,1 g黄铁矿可处理50 mg·L⁻¹的含铬废水1 854.4 mL,2 g的纳米级天然黄铁矿介质固定了约69.458 mg的Cr(VI);当铬溶液到达穿透点时,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达到了99.9%。本研究成果可为纳米级天然黄铁矿处理土壤和地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)以及原位固定其他的重金属提供参考。     

介质阻挡放电等离子体降解高浓度甲苯

为解决喷漆和涂装废气中VOCs的污染,采用同轴圆管式介质阻挡反应器进行低温等离子体降解高浓度甲苯探索,研究了反应器参数（放电间距、放电长度）、操作参数（初始甲苯浓度、气体流量、输入功率）等关键参数对甲苯转化率和产物CO2选择性的影响。结果表明：放电间距过大或者过小都不利于甲苯的降解,放电长度的增加对其影响相对较小;输入功率越大,甲苯的降解效果越好,并且反应产物中臭氧的浓度越低,但气体流量及初始甲苯浓度的增加不利于甲苯的降解。最后对产物进行GC-MS检测,分析了甲苯降解机理。     

可渗透反应墙技术在固废填埋场渗滤液处理中的应用

可渗透反应墙技术(PRB)是一种高效、节能、绿色、可持续的原位修复技术,能有效治理垃圾渗滤液及污染地下水。由于固废填埋场渗滤液性质类似,PRB技术也可用于固废填埋场渗滤液的原位处理。以重金属污染土壤经固化/稳定化修复后安全填埋产生的渗滤液为研究对象,经前期调研筛选PRB反应介质,采用静态批实验、动态柱实验评估反应介质的修复效果,同时通过PRB设计、施工、运行监测等工程实践验证PRB技术处理渗滤液的可实施性。结果表明,选择赤铁矿和石灰石作为PRB反应介质,当赤铁矿∶石灰石=2∶1、反应时间为12 h时,对镍、砷、锑吸附容量分别达到499.31、494.32、18.63 mg·kg⁻¹。以赤铁矿∶石灰石=2∶1作为柱实验填充材料时,反应0~28 d溶液中砷、锑的浓度均远低于修复目标值,镍的浓度在反应0~14 d内达标、21 d后浓度急剧上升穿透PRB柱。采用上述填充材料建设与渗滤液收集池一体化的连续反应墙时,设计墙体厚度1.5 m。在工程运行初期,PRB建成使用1~3月后,场内监测井污染物数据均达到地下水Ⅳ类标准,且下游监测井污染物数据施工前后无变化未造成二次污染。PRB处理固废填埋场渗滤液具备一定应用前景。     

污染地下水原位治理技术--透水性反应墙法

20世纪90年代初期在美国和加拿大兴起的原位被动修复技术--透水性反应墙,是一种地下水污染原位处理方法.其通过在垂直于地下水流动方向设置活性渗滤墙,当地下水流通过活性渗滤墙时,污染物与墙体材料发生化学反应,从而达到环境修复的目的.该技术具有原理简单,施工方便,能持续原位处理,处理组分多,且运行费用低廉等特点,能有效吸附和降解多种重金属和有机污染物.该方法目前在欧美已开始进入广泛的工程应用阶段,正逐步取代运行成本昂贵的抽水处理技术,成为地下水修复技术的发展方向.系统介绍了透水性反应墙法,阐述了反应墙的类型、活性材料的选取、反应机理、反应墙的构建以及应用实例,同时分析了其存在问题并展望其今后的研究方向.     

The internal barriers of rotation for the 209 polychlorinated biphenyls

The internal barrier of rotation (Erot) was calculated for all 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by using a semi-empirical method, viz. the Austin Model 1 (AMI) Hamiltonian. The difference in total energy between a forced planar state and an optimised twisted structure was defined as Erot. The Erot values were in the range of 8.33 to 483 kj/mol, and were significantly influenced by the number of chlorine atoms inortho position. An additional structural characteristic of the PCBs influencing Erot ofortho substituted congeners was substitution by chlorine atoms in vicinalmeta positions, which is assumed to prevent outward bending ofortho substituents. This so-called buttressing effect contributed with 4 to 31 kj/mol per added chlorine atom. In conclusion, the internal barrier of rotation, calculated for all 209 PCBs, provides an important structure dependent physico-chemical parameter for multivariate modelling of future quantitative structure-activity and structure-property relationships (QSARs/QSPRs).     

控制酸性矿山废水的污泥屏障压缩特性

污泥屏障通过物理拦截以及化学作用可以有效控制重金属离子迁移,采用污泥屏障处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)已被证明具有可行性.作为尾矿渣处置场屏障的主体材料,研究污泥压缩特性很有必要.实验结果表明,对于含水率相同的压实污泥试样,孔隙比随干密度增大而减小,最终趋于1;干密度相同的试样,最优含水率的孔隙比随应力增大减小最快.试样压缩系数随干密度增大而减小,随含水率增大先增大后减小,最优含水率的压缩系数为0.8 MPa-1.AMD溶液作孔隙液能提高试样压缩系数.通过对比分析有机质土的压缩特性,为以后的深化研究提供相关参数支持.     

挡风墙设计及其在呼伦贝尔沙地治理中的应用

为探索呼伦湖流域沙化严重的斑块状区域生态修复的治理模式,研发设计条形孔2.0 m高度(Ⅰ)、条形孔1.5 m高度(Ⅱ)、条形孔1.0 m高度(Ⅲ)、方形孔1.0 m高度(Ⅳ)和圆形孔1.0 m高度(Ⅴ)5种类型的可移动挡风墙作为沙障,并对其防风效能进行对比研究,明确挡风墙背风侧不同距离、距地表不同高度的风速及表层土壤含水量特征,为大风频发地区的挡风墙设置提供参考依据。结果表明:5种挡风墙均可在有限距离内降低风速,且距地表0.5 m高度处的防风效能均优于1.0 m高度处;其中在挡风墙背风侧1 m、距地表0.5 m高度处,防风效能为挡风墙Ⅴ(87.30%)>Ⅰ(83.91%)>Ⅱ(83.29%)>Ⅳ(80.20%)>Ⅲ(74.66%),表层土壤保水能力为挡风墙Ⅴ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ,制作成本为挡风墙Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ。较适宜呼伦湖流域环境的挡风墙结构参数:1.5 m高,条形孔;1.0 m高,圆形孔。     

Monitoring trichloroethene remediation at an iron permeable reactive barrier using stable carbon isotopic analysis

Stable carbon isotopic analysis, in combination with compositional analysis, was used to evaluate the performance of an iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for the remediation of ground water contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) at Spill Site 7 (SS7), F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. Compositional data indicated that although the PRB appeared to be reducing TCE to concentrations below treatment goals within and immediately downgradient of the PRB, concentrations remained higher than expected at wells further downgradient (i.e. >9 m) of the PRB. At two wells downgradient of the PRB, TCE concentrations were comparable to upgradient values, and delta13C values of TCE at these wells were not significantly different than upgradient values. Since the process of sorption/desorption does not significantly fractionate carbon isotope values, this suggests that the TCE observed at these wells is desorbing from local aquifer materials and was present before the PRB was installed. In contrast, three other downgradient wells show significantly more enriched delta13C values compared to the upgradient mean. In addition, delta13C values for the degradation products of TCE, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, show fractionation patterns expected for the products of the reductive dechlorination of TCE. Since concentrations of both TCE and degradation products drop to below detection limit in wells within the PRB and directly below it, these downgradient chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations are attributed to desorption from local aquifer material. The carbon isotope values indicate that this dissolved contaminant is subject to local degradation, likely due to in situ microbial activity.