Laboratory-scale column study for remediation of TCE-contaminated aquifers using three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate barriers

A laboratory-scale study with a sand column was designed to simulate trichloroethylene(TCE) pollution in the aquifer environment with three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate(CRP) barriers.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of CRP barriers in remediation of TCE in aquifers in a long-term and controlled manner.CRP particles with a 1:3 molar ratio of KMnO 4 to stearic acid showed the best controlled-release properties in pure water,and the theoretical release time was 138.5 days.The results of TCE removal in the test column indicated that complete removal efficiency of TCE in a sand column by three-section CRP barriers could be reached within 15 days.The molar ratio of KMnO 4 to TCE in the three-section CRP barriers was 16:1,which was much lower than 82:1 as required when KMnO 4 solution is used directly to achieve complete destruction of TCE.This result revealed that the efficiency of CRP for remediation of TCE was highly improved after encapsulation.     

有机污染物在HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕中的一维扩散解析解

HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕被认为是目前最为安全有效的地下污染源阻隔技术之一.针对帷幕底部嵌入不透水层和帷幕下游地下水较为活跃的工况,推导了有机污染物在HDPE膜-膨润土复合防污帷幕三层结构中的一维扩散解析解.利用本文的解析解分析了HDPE膜-膨润土复合帷幕对亲水性和疏水性两类有机污染物的阻隔效果.分析结果表明:由于亲水性有机物与HDPE膜间的分配系数低,该复合防污帷幕对其阻隔效果显著优于具有高分配系数的疏水性有机物.对于疏水性有机物,可通过增大复合帷幕中膨润土的阻滞因子和帷幕厚度来改善其阻隔效果;膨润土的阻滞因子增大10倍且帷幕厚由0.6m增大为1.0m,改进后复合帷幕对疏水性有机物的阻隔效果可达到原帷幕对低分配系数亲水性有机物的阻隔水平.工程实践中可通过对HDPE膜进行表面处理以降低其分配系数或膨润土改性以增大其阻滞因子等措施来增强该复合帷幕的阻隔效果.     

Evaluation of zeolite-sand mixtures as reactive materials protecting groundwater at waste disposal sites

To recognize properties of a mixture of Vistula sand (medium sand acc. to USCS) with Slovak zeolite as reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers proposed for protection of groundwater environment in vicinity of old landfills comprehensive laboratory investigations were performed. The present study investigates the removal of contaminants specific for landfill leachates onto zeolite-sand mixtures containing 20%, 50% and 80% of zeolite (ZS20, ZS50 and ZS80). Taking into account the results of batch tests it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm best fitted the data. It was observed that the presence of ammonium, calcium and magnesium decreases the removal efficiency of copper by 32%. Column tests of contaminant migration through the attenuation zone of the reactive materials were interpreted using the software package CXTFIT, which solves a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Column test results also indicate the strong influence of the presence of interfering substances on copper immobilisation; dynamic sorption capacities decrees twofold. Throughout the landfill leachate flow through ZS80 sample, a constant reduction of NH+4 (at 100%), K+ (at 93%) and Fe total (at an average of 86%) were observed. There was no reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand.     

CMC改性纳米Fe/Cu双金属模拟PRB去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚

使用羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）对纳米零价铁（NZVI）改性,并将铜（Cu）作为复合金属,制得改性纳米Fe/Cu双金属.同时采用模拟反应柱模拟可渗透反应墙（PRB）去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的反应过程.改性前后材料的表征以及沉降实验结果表明,改性后的材料有更强分散性.通过考察污染物浓度、材料投加量、Cu的负载率、pH值、流量等因素对降解2,4-DCP的影响,结果表明：反应过程符合一级动力学模型,较低的pH值与较小的流速以及10%的Cu负载率有利于2,4-DCP脱氯,过多的材料投加量和过高的初始2,4-DCP浓度不利于其脱氯.     

排板式介质阻挡放电等离子体降解苯的研究

考察了自制排板式等离子发生器对不同进气条件(进气浓度、进气流量和进气湿度)下含苯气的降解效果。结果表明,苯降解率随进气浓度和进气流量的提高而降低,但在高进气浓度和高进气流量下,苯降解率仍保持在50%以上。苯降解率在进气湿度约30%时达到最大值,过低和过高的进气湿度都不利于苯的降解。采用多级串联可提高等离子发生器对高进气浓度和高进气流量的适应能力,4级串联较单级时的苯降解率最高可提高39%。排板式等离子体发生器可作为未来等离子体发生器工业化的重点研发对象。     

An Assessment of U(VI) removal from groundwater using biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization

The ever-increasing growth of biorefineries is expected to produce huge amounts of lignocellulosic biochar as a byproduct. The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process to produce biochar from lignocellulosic biomass is getting more attention due to its inherent advantage of using wet biomass. In the present study, biochar was produced from switchgrass at 300 °C in subcritical water and characterized using X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron micrcoscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The physiochemical properties indicated that biochar could serve as an excellent adsorbent to remove uranium from groundwater. A batch adsorption experiment at the natural pH (~3.9) of biochar indicated an H-type isotherm. The adsorption data was fitted using a Langmuir isotherm model and the sorption capacity was estimated to be ca. 2.12 mg of U g(-1) of biochar. The adsorption process was highly dependent on the pH of the system. An increase towards circumneutral pH resulted in the maximum adsorption of ca. 4 mg U g(-1) of biochar. The adsorption mechanism of U(VI) onto biochar was strongly related to its pH-dependent aqueous speciation. The results of the column study indicate that biochar could be used as an effective adsorbent for U(VI), as a reactive barrier medium. Overall, the biochar produced via HTC is environmentally benign, carbon neutral, and efficient in removing U(VI) from groundwater.     

Treatment of creosote-contaminated groundwater in vegetated sorption/bio-barriers in cold climates

Permeable barriers are structures installed in situ to treat contaminated groundwater. Pollutants are removed as contaminated groundwater flows through a barrier material. A compost/sand barrier and a plant covered permeable barrier with soil/sand and peat/sand were tested in pilot-scale to treat creosote-contaminated groundwater by sorption and biological removal in situ. Outlet concentrations of the barriers were consistently low during the 29 months of operation. Although sorption sites were filled up with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, they seemed to be regenerated because of biodegradation under aerobic conditions. The vegetated section was least efficient, probably because of lack of oxygen, hence it could not be determined if the plants had a positive effect. As long as biodegradation is efficient the barrier is expected to function for several more years.     

内置渗透墙型生态塘处理农村生活污水的研究

通过在传统的生态塘中增设了一道活性渗透墙而改造成的内置渗透墙型生态塘。结果表明,内置渗透墙型生态塘对生活污水具有良好的处理效果,在水力负荷为0．05～0．1m^3／m^2·d之间时,即水力停留时间在10d～20d时,它对COD的去除率在60％以上,对TN的去除率在50％以上,对TP的去除率在75％以上。大大减轻了后序工艺的负担,减少了后序处理设施。从而缩小了整个生态塘系统的占地面积,节省了基建投资,是一种高效的适合农村生活污水处理的技术。     

等离子体协同改性凹凸棒石催化脱除NOx的研究

采用等离子体协同改性凹凸棒石催化脱除NOx,研究了等离子体反应器输入电压和凹凸棒石煅烧温度对NO和NOx脱除率的影响规律.结果表明,当反应器输入电压30kV时,NO和NOx脱除率随等离子体输入电压增加而增大.凹凸棒石煅烧温度对催化活性也具有显著影响,当煅烧温度600℃时,部分凹凸棒石被烧结熔融, NO和NOx脱除率都不高;当煅烧温度为400~600℃时,凹凸棒石活性较高, NO和NOx脱除率可达最大值.本实验条件下最佳工艺参数为等离子体输入电压>30kV, 凹凸棒石煅烧温度为400~600℃,NOx最大脱除率可达89.6%.     

Application of machine learning technique for optimizing roadside design to decrease barrier crash costs,a quantile regression model approach

Introduction: In-transport vehicles often leave the travel lane and encroach onto natural objects on the roadsides. These types of crashes are called run-off the road crashes (ROR). Such crashes accounts for a significant proportion of fatalities and severe crashes. Roadside barrier installation would be warranted if they could reduce the severity of these types of crashes. However, roadside barriers still account for a significant proportion of severe crashes in Wyoming. The impact of the crash severity would be higher if barriers are poorly designed, which could result in override or underride barrier crashes. Several studies have been conducted to identify optimum values of barrier height. However, limited studies have investigated the monetary benefit associated with adjusting the barrier heights to the optimal values. In addition, few studies have been conducted to model barrier crash cost. This is because the crash cost is a heavily skewed distribution, and well-known distributions such as linear or poison models are incapable of capturing the distribution. A semi-parametric distribution such as asymmetric Laplace distribution can be used to account for this type of sparse distribution. Method: Interaction between different predictors were considered in the analysis. Also, to account for exposure effects across various barriers, barrier lengths and traffic volumes were incorporated in the models. This study is conducted by using a novel machine-learning-based cost-benefit optimization to provide an efficient guideline for decision makers. This method was used for predicting barrier crash costs without barrier enhancement. Subsequently the benefit was obtained by optimizing traffic barrier height and recalculating the benefit and cost. The trained model was used for crash cost prediction on barriers with and without crashes. Results: The results of optimization clearly demonstrated the benefit of optimizing the heights of road barriers around the state. Practical Applications: The findings can be utilized by the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) to determine the heights of which barriers should be optimized first. Other states can follow the procedure described in this paper to upgrade their roadside barriers.