滇池沉积物中主要污染物含量时间分异特征研究

基于滇池10个监测点(1991~2010年)表层沉积物中主要污染物(Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Sn、Zn、TP以及KN)含量数据,利用SOM自组织映射神经网络对污染物时间演变特征进行识别.将1991~2010年分为4个阶段,1991~1995年低含量阶段;1996~2001年高含量阶段;2002~2006年含量波动阶段;2007~2010年含量回落阶段.各沉积物中污染物的变化模式不尽相同,但各类重金属含量峰值多集中出现在1996~1999年、2005~2007年2个时间段内.在污染物含量变化的时序分析基础上,参考入湖污染负荷、污染源普查数据等相关资料,分析人类活动对滇池沉积物中主要污染物的影响,发现人类活动对沉积物中污染物含量变化的影响很大,在污染物排放量大的时期,沉积物中污染物含量也会随之出现明显升高,在采取污染控制及治理措施后,沉积物中污染物含量会随之下降.     

Intensification,regulation and diversification: The changing face of inland aquaculture in China

Trends in aquatic food consumption were matched against farm production surveys within Hubei province and compared to official production data and statistics. Surveys showed that consumer tastes were changing to a much broader aquatic food menu as their spending power increased. Traditional aquaculture species were becoming less profitable due to reduced profit margins as input costs increased and consumption preferences changed. Consequently, many producers were diversifying their production to meet local demand. Some farmers were also de-intensifying by reducing commercial aquafeed inputs and reverting to more traditional methods of dyke-crop culture to optimise trade-offs between input costs and labour, and manage their risk more effectively. In addition, analysis of local data showed that wholesale changes were occurring to aquaculture production as environmental protection legislation took effect which reduced the growing area for carps considerably.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01503-3.     

浙江省人地关系变化阶段特征及调整策略

经济快速发展地区工业化和城市化的加速发展对耕地的占用使这些地区的人地关系日趋紧张。从发展的角度看。若缺乏科学的人口再生产与土地调控机制。人地关系矛盾将直接制约这些区域经济的可持续发展。本文在翔实的历史资料基础上。通过对浙江省人地关系阶段变化特征的分析。认为浙江省人地关系紧张的状况有着历史延续性。接着分析了浙江省现代人地关系矛盾的焦点在于不断减少的耕地问题。探讨了经济发展与耕地变动的内在联系。认为只有遏制耕地减少的态势才能缓解浙江省人地关系日趋紧张的局面。同时对浙江省未来人地关系发展的态势进行了预测，佐证了如果不采取积极的应对措施。未来人地关系将日益恶化。最后。提出了浙江省人地关系的调整策略。试图为经济快速发展且人地关系紧张地区的土地利用管理提供一种新的路径选择。     

耕地结构变化下水土资源匹配时空特征效应分析——以黑龙江省为例

基于耕地利用水资源的供需视角,在综合考虑耕地利用类型、作物种植结构、作物生长期等条件的基础上,结合黑龙江省的国家气象站数据,对耕地利用需水量与有效供水量从微观尺度上进行分析,并以此对1990—2018年内不同生长期耕地利用水土资源匹配的时空动态进行分析。结果表明：1990—2018年间黑龙江省耕地结构不断变化,旱改水现象在2010— 2018年间最为普遍;作物生育前期与中期需水量较多,后期需水量较少,需水量逐年上涨,与水田占比变化保持较为一致,并且空间上需水量高值地区偏移规律与同时段内的旱地水田化现象保持高度一致;1990—2018年间,作物各生育期水土资源匹配程度均先降后升,大部分的水土资源匹配高值地区分布在有效降水量的高值地区与旱地地区的交接地带,可见天然降水仍是满足耕地作物用水的主要来源;近年来三江平原南部地区水土资源匹配程度严重下降,粮食单产下滑,建议该部分地区减少旱改水工程量,同时,松嫩平原西部地区水土资源匹配水平与粮食单产逐年上升,可适当进行旱改水工程。     

Formulation,calibration, and validation of hybrid and coupled models for the design of upflow anaerobic filters in multiple separated stages for organic matter removal from sanitary landfill leachates

In this paper, the formulation, calibration, and validation of hybrid and coupled models for the design of upflow anaerobic filters in multiple separated stages were developed for organic matter removal from sanitary landfill leachates. Three novelties were presented, the type of reactor, design models, and kinetic coefficients. The upflow anaerobic filters were separated into two and three stages identified as UAF-2SS (DI-FAFS, in Spanish) and UAF-3SS (TRI-FAFS, in Spanish). The formulation, calibration, and validation of mathematical structures of hybrid models and five coupled models are proposed for each reactor. The hybrid models are based on the law of mass conservation, with the organic matter transformation component within the UAF-2SS and UAF-3SS reactors, being estimated from empirical equations that have been tested in aerobic culture reactors, adapted to the experimental factors, including among these, those under a non-stationary—advective conditions based on Velz's Law, Phelps's Law, and Monod's equation. The coupled models combine the components of the molecular transport by biosorption and molecular diffusion processes, with adaptations of the Stack's equation and Fick's Law, as well as transformation of organic substrates by biomass, whose kinetic coefficients contribute to explain the fraction, in which, the processes of mobility and biochemical transformation of the organic matter are occurring in the biomass within the bioreactors.     

复合污染下Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd在水稻植株中的富集特征

掌握水稻对污染土壤中重金属的吸收和富集特征,为科学认识水稻中重金属的残留问题、健康风险提供理论依据。采用田间试验,研究了4个不同处理量Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd复合污染下水稻的富集特征及其随生育期的变化规律。结果表明,重金属在水稻植株各部位中吸收富集系数的大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr,根部重金属吸收富集系数是地上各部位的吸收富集系数的2~100倍。各重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布明显不同,成熟期水稻植株中Cu在水稻不同部位的质量分数为根〉茎≥叶〉米粒〉谷壳,Ni的分布规律为根〉叶〉茎〉米粒〉谷壳,Cr的分布规律为根〉叶〉谷壳≥茎〉米粒,Cd的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶〉米粒〉谷壳;且随着重金属处理量的增加,水稻植株不同部位的重金属质量分数也呈上升趋势。成熟期米粒中Cu、Ni、Cr和Cd的质量分数范围分别为：4.50~6.19、1.86~4.63、0.72~0.76和0.08~0.39 mg·kg-1,与无公害食品标准（GB15199-94、GBT2762-2005）相比,米粒中Cu和Cr的质量分数均未超标,而Ni和Cd（Cd高剂量处理时）的质量分数均超标,存在食用安全风险。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数随生育期均呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆中期达到最大,而到成熟期又明显降低。不同重金属在水稻植株中的富集能力和分布规律均呈现明显差异,不同生育期水稻植株中重金属的质量分数明显不同但其质量分数变化呈明显规律性。     

甘南尕海泥炭沼泽地退化过程土壤特征和水源涵养功能的变化

由于气候变化、过度放牧、沟蚀及修路等人为影响,尕海泥炭沼泽地出现退化现象。为了查明尕海泥炭沼泽地退化过程土壤性质和水源涵养功能的变化趋势,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对该区域4 种不同退化阶段泥炭沼泽地土壤性质和水源涵养功能进行了调查研究。结果表明： 随着尕海泥炭沼泽地退化程度的加剧,0~40 cm层土壤平均容重逐渐增大,总孔隙度逐渐减小,且容重和孔隙度在土壤剖面自然分布规律发生变化;土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和水解氮含量呈逐渐降低趋势,铵态氮呈增大趋势,全磷、全钾无明显变化规律,但均沿土壤剖面分布呈波动性变化;土壤自然含水量、最小蓄水量和毛管蓄水量均为未退化最大,中度退化最小;方差分析结果表明不同退化阶段泥炭沼泽地土壤容重、总孔隙度、有机质、氨态氮及其土壤蓄水性能均存在显著差异。土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量与有机质之间存在显著正相关,并受植被盖度和泥炭层厚度的影响。研究结果表明地下水位、植被盖度、土壤有机质含量及泥炭层厚度的下降是导致尕海泥炭沼泽地退化过程土壤性质和水源涵养功能变化的主要原因。     

Ecological limitations and appropriation of ecosystem support by shrimp farming in Colombia

Shrimp farming in mangrove areas has grown dramatically in Asia and Latin America over the past decade. As a result, demand for resources required for farming, such as feed, seed, and clean water, has increased substantially. This study focuses on semiintensive shrimp culture as practiced on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. We estimated the spatial ecosystem support that is required to produce the food inputs, nursery areas, and clean water to the shrimp farms, as well as to process wastes. We also made an estimate of the natural and human-made resources necessary to run a typical semiintensive shrimp farm. The results show that a semiintensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support—the ecological footprint—that is 35–190 times larger than the surface area of the farm. A typical such shrimp farm appropriates about 295 J of ecological work for each joule of edible shrimp protein produced. The corresponding figure for industrial energy is 40:1. More than 80% of the ecological primary production required to feed the shrimps is derived from external ecosystems. In 1990 an area of 874–2300 km² of mangrove was required to supply shrimp postlarvae to the farms in Colombia, corresponding to a total area equivalent to about 20–50% of the country’s total mangrove area. The results were compared with similar estimates for other food production systems, particularly aquacultural ones. The comparison indicates that shrimp farming ranks as one of the most resource-intensive food production systems, characterizing it as an ecologically unsustainable throughput system. Based on the results, we discuss local, national, and regional appropriation of ecological support by the semiintensive shrimp farms. Suggestions are made for how shrimp farming could be transformed into a food production system that is less environmentally degrading and less dependent on external support areas.     

Sediment delivery linkages in a chaparral watershed following a wildfire

The purpose of this research is to study the temporal and spatial sediment delivery to and within the stream network following a wildfire on a chaparral watershed in Arizona, USA. Methods include interpretation of channel processes (aggradation, degradation) from sequential aerial photographs, field measurements of sediment delivery, and overland flow from ten microwatersheds having different vegetation cover (no vegetation, chaparral cover, and bare with vegetation buffer strips). The response of the watershed to the fire was very complex. The fire reduced the chaparral cover to zero in most locations and severe erosion led to filling of the channels by sediment. With vegetation recovery, sediment delivery from the watershed practically ceased. Vegetation buffer strips were mainly responsible for arresting the sediment delivered from bare hillslopes. Relatively clear water, entering the channels, caused degradation in the tributaries that delivered the sediment into the main stream at El Oso Creek. Due to high water infiltration by immense volumes of sediment deposits in the middle reach, the sediment from the tributaries was deposited as in-channel fans. In contrast, the upper reach of El Oso Creek behaved similarly to the tributaries. It aggraded after the fire and was followed by degradation. The low reach of El Oso Creek is degrading because it is still adjusting base level to the incision of the master stream. Implications of this study are that land managers, concerned to avoid severe erosion and sedimentation following disturbance, should concentrate on the establishment and enhancement of vegetation buffer strips along channel banks.     

Ethical Analysis of the Use of GM Fish: Emerging Issues for Aquaculture Development

Improvements in production methods over the last two decades have resulted in aquaculture becoming a significant contributor to food production in many countries. Increased efficiency and production levels are off-setting unsustainable capture fishing practices and contributing to food security, particularly in a number of developing countries. The challenge for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry is to develop and apply technologies that ensure sustainable production methods that will reduce environmental damage, increase productivity across the sector, and respect the diverse social and cultural dimensions of fish farming that are observed globally. The aquaculture industry currently faces a number of technology trajectories, which include the option to commercially produce genetically modified (GM) fish. The use of genetic modification in aquaculture has the potential to contribute to increased food security and is claimed to be the next logical step for the industry. However, the potential use of these technologies raises a number of important ethical questions. Using an ethical framework, the Ethical Matrix, this paper explores a number of the ethical issues potentially raised by the use of GM technologies in aquaculture. Several key issues have been identified. These include aspects of distributive justice for producers; use of a precautionary approach in the management of environmental risk and food safety; and impacts on the welfare and intrinsic value of the fish. There is a need to conduct a comparative analysis of the full economic cycle of the use of GM fish in aquaculture production for developing countries. There is also a need to initiate an informed dialogue between stakeholders and strenuous efforts should be made to ensure the participation of producers and their representatives from developing nations. An additional concern is that any national licensing of the first generation of GM fish, i.e., in the USA, may initiate and frame an assessment cycle, mediated by the WTO, which could dominate the conditions under which the technology will be applied and regulated globally. Therefore, an integrated analysis of the technology development trajectories, in terms of international policy, IPR, and operational implications, as well as an analysis of a broader range of ethical concerns, is needed.