不同生长阶段斑马鱼对Cu2+的毒性响应差异

为探究鱼类不同生长阶段对污染物的毒性响应差异,以斑马鱼为试验生物,初步建立了一套实验室分阶段培养方法,通过培养时间确定斑马鱼的不同生长阶段,研究了标准稀释水和模拟自来水条件下不同生长阶段斑马鱼对Cu2+的毒性响应差异,并利用物种敏感度分布法表达不同生长阶段斑马鱼对Cu2+的敏感性差异.结果表明:斑马鱼体长、体质量的变化均符合logistic增长方程（R2>0.97）,斑马鱼全生命周期按日龄可细分为卵黄囊仔鱼期（1 d）、晚期仔鱼期（10 d）、稚鱼期（17 d）、早幼期（24 d）、幼鱼期（31 d）、发育期（60 d）、成熟期（90 d）、成鱼期（120 d）等8个不同生长阶段.标准稀释水条件下,Cu2+对不同生长阶段斑马鱼的96 h-LC₅₀（96 h半致死浓度）分别为0.425 mg/L（1 d）、0.768 mg/L（10 d）、0.550 mg/L（17 d）、0.309 mg/L（24 d）、0.334 mg/L（31 d）、0.327 mg/L（60 d）、0.230 mg/L（90 d）和0.180 mg/L（120 d）,随着鱼龄的增加,Cu2+对斑马鱼的毒性逐渐增大;模拟自来水条件下,Cu2+对不同生长阶段斑马鱼的96 h-LC₅₀分别为0.377 mg/L（1 d）、0.438 mg/L（10 d）、0.366 mg/L（17 d）、0.201 mg/L（24 d）、0.206 mg/L（31 d）、0.189 mg/L（60 d）、0.167 mg/L（90 d）和0.144 mg/L（120 d）,随着鱼龄的增加,Cu2+对斑马鱼的毒性逐渐增大.根据96 h-LC₅₀得出不同生长阶段斑马鱼对Cu2+的敏感性顺序为120 d > 90 d > 24 d > 60 d > 31 d > 1 d > 17 d > 10 d,可见,斑马鱼成鱼期阶段对Cu2+较敏感,而成熟期和早幼期的敏感性次之,晚期仔鱼期最不敏感.研究显示,鉴于斑马鱼对Cu的物种敏感度的阶段性差异,采用24 d早幼期斑马鱼研究金属水质基准时既敏感又节约受试生物的培养成本,此外水环境参数也是水质基准研究需考虑的重要影响因素之一.      

生物接触氧化法处理腈纶废水研究

腈纶废水中含有氰化物、单体聚合物等有毒有害物质,碱性氧化法、酸性回收法等处理含氰废水,难以达到国家排放标准。上海某腈纶厂采用硫氰酸钠一步法和二步法湿纺工艺生产腈纶,废水处理采用＂加药混凝沉淀法＋生物接触氧化法＂,氰化物、氨氮、COD、BOD5去除率分别为94.5%、89.9%、88.2%、97%,达到污水综合排放一级标准。     

三阶段温度控制接种法对堆肥有机物质变化影响

为提高堆肥效率,利用生活垃圾,采用三阶段温度控制技术进行微生物接种堆肥试验,并对堆肥过程中有机物的动态变化进行分析.结果表明,在堆肥336 h,与普通接种法(CK)比较,三阶段温度控制接种法(TSCT)堆肥总有机碳(TOC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量依次降低6.37%、6.57%;而腐殖质(HS)、胡敏酸(HA)、腐殖化指数(HI)分别增加了8.61%、16.75%、18.40%.通过对胡敏酸分子元素组成分析证实,堆肥后,普通接种法处理胡敏酸分子中C/H、O/C依次增加8.33%、6.25%;而三阶段温度控制法堆肥中胡敏酸C/H、O/C依次增加了18.33%、11.48%.以上结果表明,三阶段温度控制法可明显加快堆肥腐殖化进程,进而提高堆肥效率.     

Ten years of international scientific cooperation in fisheries,aquaculture and coastal zones: some preliminary lessons

The paper examines preliminary experiences with international scientific cooperation in fisheries, aquaculture and coastal zone issues through 90 projects in successive European Research Framework Programmes (FP4–FP6: 1994–2006). FPs had increasingly ambitious objectives in response to international commitments, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Millennium Development Goals, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and dialogue with partner regions. Sustainable aquatic food production in the context of respect for ecosystems was a central concern. Engagement with different social actors and attention to investment in education, people and institutions enabled uptake of research results in education, innovation and some impact. The emphasis in several recent projects on more integrated analyses and knowledge products in the public domain is an encouraging response to the growing crisis of aquatic resource systems. It is suggested that significant up-scaling will be required. This might be done through institutional internalisation and better translation of research results into policy developments supportive of transitions towards sustainable production systems and ecosystem rehabilitation. Capacity building to use research in novel ways and other enabling mechanisms need to be put in place to increase societal and environmental benefits of the research.

多级厌氧法处理螺旋霉素工业发酵菌渣效果的研究简

通过自主设计的多级厌氧反应器系统来考察半连续处理螺旋霉素工业发酵菌渣的效果。该系统总反应体积为44 L,由4个11 L的升流式厌氧反应罐组成,罐体间采用串联方式连接。121 d的连续运行周期分为3个阶段,各阶段的有机负荷率分别为1.27、1.82和2.73 kg COD/（m³·d）。全过程中主要监测了各级罐体的产气量和螺旋霉素的降解。结果表明,多级厌氧反应器系统启动初期会出现产气不稳定现象,经过2个月的运行之后系统达到稳定状态。在有机负荷达到2.73 kg COD/（m³·d）时,各级罐体仍能稳定运行,总产气的45%集中在1号罐。在系统启动初期,螺旋霉素不能被明显降解。运行约80 d后,整个体系达到了快速降解螺旋霉素的状态,在2.73 kg COD/（m³·d）的有机负荷率下,螺旋霉素降解率达到97%,同时可溶性COD降解率也达到了90%。     

水产养殖中水环境污染的原因与防控探微

水产养殖在水产业中的比重日益提高,但养殖期间受各种因素影响导致水环境受到污染,富营养化、饲料污染等现象在一定程度上影响了水产养殖的可持续发展。对此,为推动我国水产养殖发展,本文将结合水产养殖中水环境污染的原因探讨相关防控措施。     

Aquaculture effects on environmental and public welfare - the case of Mediterranean mariculture

Aquatic farming has been considered, during the last decades, as the fastest growing food production industry powered by governmental and technological impulsion. Compensation for fisheries decline, creation of new jobs and source of financial windfall are the most important benefits. However, similar to most of the human food-production activities, aquaculture raised several issues related to the environmental welfare and consumer safety. An effort to record the aquaculture-environment and -human safety interactions with regard to the Mediterranean mariculture, is attempted herein. We focused on this geographical area due to its individualities in both the hydrological and physicochemical characteristics and the forms of aquaculture activities. The cage farming of euryhaline marine fish species and more recently of bluefin tuna and mollusk farming are the dominating aquaculture activities. The impacts of these activities to the environment, through wastes offloads, introduction of alien species, genetic interactions, disease transfer, release of chemicals, use of wild recourses, alterations of coastal habitats and disturbance of wildlife, are analytically considered. Also the consumer safety issues related to the farming are assessed, including generation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, contaminants transferred to humans though food chain and other hazards from consumption of aquacultured items. Within these, the major literature findings are critically examined and suggestions for scientific areas that need further development are made. The major tasks for future aquaculture development in this region are: (i) to ensure sustainability and (ii) to balance the risks to public or environmental health with the substantial economical benefits. In regard with monitoring, tools must be created or adapted to predict the environmental costs and estimate consumer impact. At a canonistic and legal basis, the establishment of appropriate legal guidelines and common policies from all countries involved should be mandatory.     

Tools for an enhanced solvent properties screening in the early stages of pharmaceutical process development

The objective of this research was the implementation of tools for the evaluation of solvents trough property screening in the early stages of process development. An important feature of the tools is that the implementation of indexes, scores, or weights is avoided. Information already available from the literature was stored in a database in order to turn raw data into decision making information. As a result, a solvent radar chart, a solvent representation table, and a solvent telescopying tool were developed in an ASP.NET application. The synthesis of Propranolol was used as study case in order to explore the selection of solvents in the early stages of process development. The replacement of diethyl ether was possible in the extraction step, while solvent choices were detected for potential telescoping for extraction and crystallisation steps. Solubility was found as a critical parameter in telescoping analysis. The methodology proposed enhanced the view towards a more holistic perspective and a more robust solvent screening process. As a consequence, the next steps into solvent evaluation and process development can be reduced.     

根表铁锰膜对不同生育期水稻吸收和转运As的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究不同生育期水稻根表铁锰膜形成及其对As吸收和转运的影响。结果表明,两个水稻品种YD6和NK57均在分蘖期形成的铁锰膜量最多,成熟期形成的铁锰膜量最少。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累As随着水稻不同品种和不同生育期变化较大,As的吸收和积累与铁锰膜形成存在相关性。与分蘖期相比,YD6和NK57成熟期根系As含量分别减少81.6%和62.1%。孕穗期YD6和NK57茎叶As含量分别比分蘖期减少86.4%和65.5%,比成熟期减少87.8%和67.1%。分蘖期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe或DCB-Mn浓度均呈显著的负相关关系,而孕穗期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe浓度呈显著的正相关关系,说明不同生育期铁锰膜对水稻植株吸收和转运As的影响不同。两个水稻品种不同生育期,As均主要富集和分配在根表铁锰膜中,铁锰膜中As的分配比率达62.9%～84.9%。NK57从根表铁锰膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒转运As的能力比YD6强,籽粒中As含量是YD6的2.1倍。结果表明可以通过选育As低积累和低转运的水稻品种,来降低污染地区As对人体健康的威胁。