全氟辛烷磺酸盐和全氟辛酸在水环境及水生生物体内积累的研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)是全氟化合物中2种最典型的化合物,在不同环境介质(水、土壤、沉积物等)及水生生物体内被广泛检出。PFOS和PFOA具有良好的化学、物理性能,被广泛地运用于工业领域,PFOS和PFOA的污染范围已涉及全球。综述了PFOS和PFOA在水环境体系的污染现状及其在水生生物体内积累特征,探讨影响水生生物积累的主要因素,为全氟化合物污染控制提供基础。     

基于水生态功能分区的流域水环境监测与评价研究

中国现行的监测与管理模式多将流域管理机构按照地方部门条块分割,特别是从行政上将一个完整的流域人为分开,从而造成责权交叉多,难以统一规划和协调管理.为了提高每一个生态区域及系统特点得到相应保护,合理开发和利用水生态资源,进而可持续地发展经济和规划生态资源.基于水生态功能分区要求、国省控水质手动、自动监测系统和评价指标体系的特点和经验,开展了基于水生态功能分区的流域水监测与评价研究,编制了《基于水生态功能分区的流域水环境监测与评价》指南.构建重点流域内水环境质量评价指标和评价方法,形成以水污染防治和水质改善为目标、基于水生态功能分区的水环境质量评价模型,为中国其它流域水环境评价提供借鉴及参考.     

航电枢纽工程建设对水生生物及渔业资源的影响——以依兰航电枢纽为例

依兰航电枢纽的建设,不仅改善了当地乃至松花江流域的航运条件、旅游环境,而且促进了松花江航道及区域经济可持续发展.同时,项目的建设也产生了一些环境问题.施工期作业区水文条件的改变对水生生物及渔业资源造成了影响.营运期库区水域生态环境的改变,使得浮游生物和底栖生物种类发生变化,鱼类组成将由复杂变为简单.因此,本文提出适宜的...     

Impacts of atrazine in aquatic ecosystems

A portion of all herbicides applied to forests, croplands, road sides, and gardens are inevitably lost to water bodies either directly through runoff or indirectly by leaching through groundwater into ephemeral streams and lakes. Once in the aquatic environment, herbicides may cause stress within aquatic communities and radically alter community structure. Atrazine is one of the most effective and inexpensive herbicides in the world and is consequently used more frequently than any other herbicide. Atrazine is frequently detected in aquatic waters, and has been known to affect reproduction of aquatic flora and fauna, which in turn impacts on the community structure as a whole. This paper presents a summary of the reported direct and indirect impacts of atrazine on aquatic organisms and community structure. The information can be used for developing improved management guidelines and legislation. It is concluded that a single universal maximum limit on the atrazine application in catchments, as suggested by many regulatory authorities, does not provide adequate protection of the aquatic environment. Rather, it is advocated that flexible limits on the application of atrazine be developed in line with the potential risk of contamination to surface and subsurface water and fragility of the aquatic environment.     

Occurrence of human pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes revealed by metagenomic approach: A case study from an aquatic environment

Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis(contig Intestine_364647)and Enterococcus faecium(contig Intestine_80272) carrying efr A, efr B and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica(contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli(contig Sediment_188430) carrying mex B and APH(3′)-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis(contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei(contig Water_880246),and Acinetobacter baumannii(contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ere A, qac H, OXA-21, and mph D were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements(MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.     

A Watershed-Scale Model for Predicting Nonpoint Pollution Risk in North Carolina

The Southeastern United States is a global center of freshwater biotic diversity, but much of the regions aquatic biodiversity is at risk from stream degradation. Nonpoint pollution sources are responsible for 70% of that degradation, and controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, urbanization, and silviculture is considered critical to maintaining water quality and aquatic biodiversity in the Southeast. We used an ecological risk assessment framework to develop vulnerability models that can help policymakers and natural resource managers understand the impact of land cover changes on water quality in North Carolina. Additionally, we determined which landscape characteristics are most closely associated with macroinvertebrate community tolerance of stream degradation, and therefore with lower-quality water. The results will allow managers and policymakers to weigh the risks of management and policy decisions to a given watershed or set of watersheds, including whether streamside buffer protection zones are ecologically effective in achieving water quality standards. Regression analyses revealed that landscape variables explained up to 56.3% of the variability in benthic macroinvertebrate index scores. The resulting vulnerability models indicate that North Carolina watersheds with less forest cover are at most risk for degraded water quality and steam habitat conditions. The importance of forest cover, at both the watershed and riparian zone scale, in predicting macrobenthic invertebrate community assemblage varies by geographic region of the state.     

湘江枢纽工程对水生生物的影响及防治研究

探讨了内河航运枢纽工程对河流水生生物的种类，数量，繁殖的影响，以及水质变化对水生生物的影响，提出了相应的防治措施，以湘江大源渡航运枢纽工程拟建成河道不源渡水库为例，对鱼类的影响分析为重点，为工程的决策提供了依据。     

内陆水环境修复技术进展

水环境退化是全球普遍面临的重要问题．退化后的水环境修复，重建．已成为当前各国重视的焦点．也是环境科学与工程研究的热点。该文全面综述了国内外水环境修复技术的研究进展．并在此基础上对水环境修复的重点和热点进行了分析和归纳。文章指出．为改善我国水环境．还有待于进一步加强水环境修复的方法学，基础理论，应用技术和示范推广等方面的研究工作。     

Aquatic arsenic: phytoremediation using floating macrophytes

Phytoremediation, a plant based green technology, has received increasing attention after the discovery of hyperaccumulating plants which are able to accumulate, translocate, and concentrate high amount of certain toxic elements in their above-ground/harvestable parts. Phytoremediation includes several processes namely, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization and phytovolatilization. Both terrestrial and aquatic plants have been tested to remediate contaminated soils and waters, respectively. A number of aquatic plant species have been investigated for the remediation of toxic contaminants such as As, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Hg, etc. Arsenic, one of the deadly toxic elements, is widely distributed in the aquatic systems as a result of mineral dissolution from volcanic or sedimentary rocks as well as from the dilution of geothermal waters. In addition, the agricultural and industrial effluent discharges are also considered for arsenic contamination in natural waters. Some aquatic plants have been reported to accumulate high level of arsenic from contaminated water. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), duckweeds (Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), water ferns (Azolla caroliniana, Azolla filiculoides, and Azolla pinnata), water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and watercress (Lepidium sativum) have been studied to investigate their arsenic uptake ability and mechanisms, and to evaluate their potential in phytoremediation technology. It has been suggested that the aquatic macrophytes would be potential for arsenic phytoremediation, and this paper reviews up to date knowledge on arsenic phytoremediation by common aquatic macrophytes.     

典型水生生物中微塑料的累积、清除及食物链传递效应

以环境中双壳类、鱼类及节肢类等水生生物为对象,介绍了其对微塑料的累积与清除,重点分析了微塑料特性、生物特性和食物等因素对微塑料生物累积与清除的影响,并进一步概述了微塑料沿水生食物链的传递效应,阐述了其对复合污染物食物链传递的影响过程。结果发现,微塑料在水生生物中的累积、清除与其自身尺寸、形态和聚合物类型等密切相关,水生生物的结构特异性是干扰微塑料从生物体内排泄的重要因素,有无食物的环境条件是调节双壳类和节肢类生物对微塑料累积与清除的重要路径;微塑料虽然可以通过食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递,但不一定会产生生物放大效应;微塑料的载体效应导致其复合污染物的食物链传递过程发生改变,共存污染物在生物体内的释放和吸收时间是调控微塑料复合污染物食物链传递能力的重要因素。