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71.
Fuzzy cognitive mapping was used to develop a participatory ecosystem management plan for Uluabat Lake, Turkey. Interviews
were conducted with stakeholders belonging to six different groups. Lake pollution was the most central and most mentioned
variable for stakeholders. Stakeholder groups agree that lake pollution is negatively affecting ecosystem health and thereby
local economies. Thus, reducing lake pollution was chosen as the overall goal for the management plan. Possible ways to reduce
lake pollution and increase ecosystem health were seen differently by the different groups. Hunters, factory managers, NGO
personnel, and local people thought industry was the main cause of lake pollution, while officials from the government and
local municipalities thought roads and urban development contributed the most to lake pollution. Generally the stakeholder
groups did not perceive their own actions as affecting the lake as strongly as other groups thought. For example, factory
managers viewed factory pollution as negatively affecting the lake but less strongly than the other groups did. According
to policy option simulations, reducing lake pollution had positive effects on all variables, especially fish, birds, animal
husbandry, irrigation, agriculture, and the ecological balance of the lake. Results of this analysis were used to facilitate
meetings among stakeholder groups and to develop a participatory ecosystem management plan. The analysis was useful for pointing
out the similarities as well as the differences among the groups. It also helped the facilitators understand the focus of
each stakeholder group and enabled them to suggest activities in which each group would want to participate. 相似文献
72.
The
spatial pattern of ecosystem function can affect ecosystem conservation. Ecosystem functions are often heterogeneous spatially due to physical and biological factors. We can influence ecosystem functions by changing the spatial patterns of the physical and biological elements of an ecosystem and regulating their combinations. The variation–position effect highlights a phenomenon resulting from the spatial pattern of ecosystem function. The effect shows that the identical variation of a factor may produce different effects on the overall situation when this variation occurs in a different spatial position. In a watershed of the Yangtze River, water retention is a primary ecosystem function. The variation–position effect for water retention capacity occurs in the watershed because of the spatial heterogeneity in vegetation, soil, and slope. The change of vegetation that occurs in a complex can affect the overall situation of water retention, and the effect can be different due to the change occurring in the
position holding different vegetation-soil-slope complex. To improve the ecosystem in the watershed and to meet the social needs for the ecosystem function of water retention, a strategy called ecosystem function and spatial pattern-based forest extension was proposed to conserve forests. The implementation of the strategy enables the watershed to attain the maximum effective increase in water retention capacity. 相似文献
73.
74.
River systems as providers of goods and services: a basis for comparing desired and undesired effects of large dam projects 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Brismar A 《Environmental management》2002,29(5):598-609
In developing countries, large dam projects continue to be launched, primarily to secure a time-stable freshwater supply and
to generate hydropower. Meanwhile, calls for environmentally sustainable development put pressure on the dam-building industry
to integrate ecological concerns in project planning and decision-making. Such integration requires environmental impact statements
(EISs) that can communicate the societal implications of the ecological effects in terms that are understandable and useful
to planners and decision-makers.
The purpose of this study is to develop a basic framework for assessing the societal implications of the river ecological
effects expected of a proposed large dam project. The aim is to facilitate a comparison of desired and potential undesired
effects on-site and downstream. The study involves two main tasks: to identify key river goods and services that a river system
may provide, and to analyze how the implementation of a large dam project may alter the on-site capacity and downstream potentials
to derive river goods and services from the river system.
Three river goods and six river services are identified. River goods are defined as extractable partly man-made products and
river services as naturally sustained processes. By four main types of flow manipulations, a large dam project improves the
on-site capacity to derive desired river goods, but simultaneously threatens the provision of desirable river goods and services
downstream. However, by adjusting the site, design, and operational schedule of the proposed dam project, undesirable effects
on river goods and services can be minimized. 相似文献
75.
Lake Erie water quality has improved dramatically since the degraded conditions of the 1960s. Additional gains could be made,
but at the expense of further investment and reductions in fishery productivity. In facing such cross-jurisdictional issues,
natural resource managers in Canada and the United States must grapple with conflicting objectives and important uncertainties,
while considering the priorities of the public that live in the basin. The techniques and tools of decision analysis have
been used successfully to deal with such decision problems in a range of environmental settings, but infrequently in the Great
Lakes. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how such techniques might be brought to bear on an important, real decision
currently facing Lake Erie resource managers and stakeholders: the choice of new phosphorus loading targets for the lake.
The heart of our approach is a systematic elicitation of stakeholder preferences and an investigation of the degree to which
different phosphorus-loading policies might satisfy ecosystem objectives. Results show that there are potential benefits to
changing the historical policy of reducing phosphorus loads in Lake Erie. 相似文献
76.
Stream Invertebrate Communities, Water Quality, and Land-Use Patterns in an Agricultural Drainage Basin of Northeastern Nebraska, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We used invertebrate bioassessment, habitat analysis, geographic information system analysis of land use, and water chemistry
monitoring to evaluate tributaries of a degraded northeast Nebraska, USA, reservoir. Bimonthly invertebrate collections and
monthly water chemistry samples were collected for two years on six stream reaches to identify sources contributing to reservoir
degradation and test suitability of standard rapid bioassessment methods in this region. A composite biotic index composed
of seven commonly used metrics was effective for distinguishing between differentially impacted sites and responded to a variety
of disturbances. Individual metrics varied greatly in precision and ability to discriminate between relatively impacted and
unimpacted stream reaches. A modified Hilsenhoff index showed the highest precision (reference site CV = 0.08) but was least
effective at discriminating among sites. Percent dominance and the EPT (number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera
taxa) metrics were most effective at discriminating between sites and exhibited intermediate precision. A trend of higher
biotic integrity during summer was evident, indicating seasonal corrections should differ from other regions. Poor correlations
were evident between water chemistry variables and bioassessment results. However, land-use factors, particularly within 18-m
riparian zones, were correlated with bioassessment scores. For example, there was a strong negative correlation between percentage
of rangeland in 18-m riparian zones and percentage of dominance in streams (r
2
= 0.90, P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that standard rapid bioassessment methods, with some modifications, are effective for use in this agricultural
region of the Great Plains and that riparian land use may be the best predictor of stream biotic integrity. 相似文献
77.
Gary L. Larson 《Environmental management》1980,4(2):105-110
Since the presentation of the Leopold Report (Leopold et al. 1963) to the United States Secretary of the Interior, recommendations in the document for managing natural park resources on the ecosystem level have been included in the management policies of the National Park Service. In many instances, however, management programs have continued to focus on individual resource problems, without apparent concern for the ecological consequences on ecosystems. Without knowledge of the interrelationships of ecosystem components, solving one problem may result in other resource problems. Graphic approaches are presented as potential tools to view these complex interrelationships relative to the needs of the resource manager. Interpreting the dynamics of aquatic systems is emphasized. 相似文献
78.
Mapping, modeling, and valuing urban ecosystem services are important for integrating the ecosystem services concept in urban planning and decision-making. However, decision-support tools able to consider multiple ecosystem services in the urban setting using complex and heterogeneous data are still in early development. Here, we use New York City (NYC) as a case study to evaluate and analyze how the value of multiple ecosystem services of urban green infrastructure shifts with shifting governance priorities. We first examined the spatial distribution of five ecosystem services – storm water absorption, carbon storage, air pollution removal, local climate regulation, and recreation – to create the first multiple ecosystem services evaluation of all green infrastructure in NYC. Then, combining an urban ecosystem services landscape approach with spatial multicriteria analysis weighting scenarios, we examine the distribution of these ecosystem services in the city. We contrast the current NYC policy preference – which is focused on heavy investment in stormwater absorption – with a valuation approach that also accounts for other ecosystem services. We find substantial differences in the spatial distribution of priority areas for green infrastructure for the valuation scenarios. Among the scenarios we examined for NYC, we find that a scenario in which only stormwater absorption is prioritized leads to the most unevenly distributed ES values. By contrast, we find least variation in ES values where stormwater absorption, local climate regulation, carbon storage, air pollution removal, and recreational potential are all weighted equally.We suggest that green infrastructure planning strategies should include all landscape components that contribute to the production of ecosystem services and consider how planning priority alternatives generate different ecosystem services values. 相似文献
79.
Ecosystem functions can be understood as the quantified amount of an ecosystem’s role in a natural process, while ecosystem services are the requantification of the ecosystem functions by factoring in environmental conditions and human needs based on social perspectives. In this study, differences between ecosystem functions and services were presented in terms of air purification of a forest ecosystem. Forest volume growth was employed to quantify the pollutant absorption capacity of a forest and was indicated by the natural functions (NF) for air purification by a forest ecosystem. Forest ecosystem services can be requantified from the forest functions by adding the air pollutant and population densities. Air pollutant density was applied to the assessment of the environmental services (ES) of forest ecosystems. Furthermore, the environmental social services (ESS) of forest ecosystems were assessed by including population density considerations. We simulated differences in NF, ES, and ESS in relation to pollutant and population density; while NF was spatially quantified without a close relationship to air pollutant and population density, ES and ESS reacted to environmental and social condition more sensitively. These results imply that the ecosystem services of forest resources for air purification are high where the pollutant and population densities are high, while the ecosystem functions of forest resources for air purification depend solely on forest conditions and not on the density changes of air pollutants and population. This study suggests that the differences in NF, ES, and ESS are important factors to be understood and considered in the decision-making process for ecosystem services. When considering human needs and surrounding environmental conditions, the results suggest that decision makers should utilize the ES and ESS concepts, which reflect both population and pollutant density along with additional human-related factors. 相似文献
80.
In many countries, hydropower development is rapidly becoming a focus of green growth policies. This represents a significant opportunity for ecosystem services-based land management that integrates environmental and development goals to benefit the hydropower sector and support economic growth. In this study, we present an approach for targeting ecosystem-provision investment in hydropower catchments coupled with hydrologic modeling to quantify the benefits of soil and water conservation activities. We demonstrate the application of this approach in five hydropower facility catchments in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The results show that there is a high potential for targeted soil and water conservation to increase sediment retention services that benefit hydropower facilities (up to a 44% reduction in sediment transported from uplands into streams), although this benefit is distributed non-uniformly across catchments and levels of investment. The extent to which services can be improved is strongly driven by current land use and management practices that impact how and where conservation activities can be located. Iterative use of the method described here, in a process of stakeholder engagement and capacity-building, enables policy makers to determine the optimal mix of land management strategies and budget allocation to maximize service improvements that support hydropower production. 相似文献