抗抑郁药物舍曲林和氟西汀在实验室构建的三层水生食物链中的生物积累和营养动力学研究

目前关于药物在水生生物中富集的报道越来越多,但人们对它们在水生食物网中的营养转移却知之甚少。选择了2种在水环境中经常被监测到的选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs),本文在实验室可控条件下,通过构建水生链的SSRIs暴露试验,研究了舍曲林和氟西汀的生物积累和营养动力学。在2个3层食物链中(Acer platanoides,是 Asellus aquaticus的食物,而相应地 Asellus aquaticus是Notonecta glauca 或 Pungitius pungitius的食物),随着营养级的递增,这2种可离子化的、弱碱药物均显示出较低的生物积累因子(BAFs)(这表明没有生物放大)。A. platanoides、A. aquaticus、N. glauca和P. pungitius体内的舍曲林的平均BAFs分别为2200 L/kg、360 L/kg、26 L/kg和49 L/kg,氟西汀的平均BAFs分别为1300 L/kg、110 L/kg、11 L/kg和41 L/kg。生物积累因子(BAFs)的测量值等于或低于生物富集因子(BCFs)的测量值,这进一步证明了饮食的微弱影响。生物脂含量与BAFs没有正相关性,这表明其他的过程在驱动SSRI生物累积的种间差异。这里将经验参数值带入一个生物累积模型中计算,发现模拟与经验BAFs(预测r²=-0.63)之间相关性较差。综上所述,这些可离子化的药物明显缺乏生物放大作用,环境问题不应只关注较高的营养水平,而应关注在任何营养水平上有高BCFs的物种。
精选自Bostr?m, M. L., Ugge, G., J?nsson, J. ?. and Berglund, O. (2017), Bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of the antidepressants sertraline and fluoxetine in laboratory-constructed, 3-level aquatic food chains. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1029–1037. doi: 10.1002/etc.3637
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3637/full
     

依据(代)生物体对化学品的反应预测对生态系统服务功能的影响

保护生态系统服务功能越来越多地被作为风险评估的目标,但是目前生态风险评估的终点和评估生态系统服务功能受到的潜在影响之间有很大的差距。作者提出了一个框架,将常用的生态毒理学终点与对种群和群落的影响以及生态系统的服务功能联系起来。这个框架建立在机制效应模型的长足进步上,这些模型旨在跨越多种生物组织,并解释各种生物相互作用和反馈。为了说明这一点,作者引入了2个研究案例,它们采用了已完善和已验证的机制效应模型：鱼种群的inSTREAM个体模型和AQUATOX生态系统模型。他们还展示了动态能量平衡理论可以为解释组织级毒性提供一种通用货币。他们认为,一个基于机制模型的框架,可以预测化学品暴露对生态系统服务的影响,再结合经济估值,可以为环境管理提供一种有用的方法。作者强调了使用这个框架的潜在好处以及未来工作中需要解决的挑战。
精选自Forbes, V. E., Salice, C. J., Birnir, B., Bruins, R. J.F., Calow, P., Ducrot, V., Galic, N., Garber, K., Harvey, B. C., Jager, H., Kanarek, A., Pastorok, R., Railsback, S. F., Rebarber, R. and Thorbek, P. (2017), A framework for predicting impacts on ecosystem services from (sub)organismal responses to chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 845–859. doi: 10.1002/etc.3720
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3720/full
     

典型水生生物中微塑料的累积、清除及食物链传递效应

以环境中双壳类、鱼类及节肢类等水生生物为对象,介绍了其对微塑料的累积与清除,重点分析了微塑料特性、生物特性和食物等因素对微塑料生物累积与清除的影响,并进一步概述了微塑料沿水生食物链的传递效应,阐述了其对复合污染物食物链传递的影响过程。结果发现,微塑料在水生生物中的累积、清除与其自身尺寸、形态和聚合物类型等密切相关,水生生物的结构特异性是干扰微塑料从生物体内排泄的重要因素,有无食物的环境条件是调节双壳类和节肢类生物对微塑料累积与清除的重要路径;微塑料虽然可以通过食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递,但不一定会产生生物放大效应;微塑料的载体效应导致其复合污染物的食物链传递过程发生改变,共存污染物在生物体内的释放和吸收时间是调控微塑料复合污染物食物链传递能力的重要因素。     

亚热带地区组合氧化塘的研究

本文研究了亚热带地区升流式厌氧塘与水生植物兼性塘、好氧塘串连组合处理生活污水的运行规律,获得了该组合工艺的设计参数;推导出可供设计用的经验方程式;不推荐用好氧塘作为二级处理出水的深度处理。      

Mercury Levels in Pristine and Gold Mining Impacted Aquatic Ecosystems of Suriname, South America

Mercury levels in sediment and predatory fish were measured for 53 localities in Suriname. The average mercury level in bottom sediment surpassed the Canadian standard for sediment in most localities, except the coastal plains. Of the predatory fish, 41 % had a mercury level above the European Union standard for human consumption of 0.5 μg g⁻¹. Highest mercury levels were found in fish from the Brokopondo Reservoir and from the Upper Coppename River. High levels of mercury in fish in pristine areas are explained by atmospheric transportation of mercury with the northeastern trade winds followed by wet deposition. Contrary to gold mining areas, where mercury is bound to drifting sediments, in “pristine” areas the mercury is freely available for bio-accumulation and uptake. Impacts on piscivorous reptiles, birds, and mammals are unknown, but likely to be negative.     

Effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture in freshwater microcosms: risk assessment and ecological effect chain

Effects of chronic application of a mixture of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticide lindane were studied in indoor freshwater plankton-dominated microcosms. The macroinvertebrate community was seriously affected at all but the lowest treatment levels, the zooplankton community at the three highest treatment levels, with crustaceans, caddisflies and dipterans being the most sensitive groups. Increased abundance of the phytoplankton taxa Cyclotella sp. was found at the highest treatment level. Threshold levels for lindane, both at population and community level, corresponded well with those reported in the literature. Atrazine produced fewer effects than expected, probably due to decreased grazer stress on the algae as a result of the lindane application. The safety factors set by the Uniform Principles for individual compounds were also found to ensure protection against chronic exposure to a mixture of a herbicide and insecticide at community level, though not always at the population level.     

Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach

Indigenous and local knowledge systems as well as practitioners’ knowledge can provide valid and useful knowledge to enhance our understanding of governance of biodiversity and ecosystems for human well-being. There is, therefore, a great need within emerging global assessment programs, such as the IPBES and other international efforts, to develop functioning mechanisms for legitimate, transparent, and constructive ways of creating synergies across knowledge systems. We present the multiple evidence base (MEB) as an approach that proposes parallels whereby indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems are viewed to generate different manifestations of knowledge, which can generate new insights and innovations through complementarities. MEB emphasizes that evaluation of knowledge occurs primarily within rather than across knowledge systems. MEB on a particular issue creates an enriched picture of understanding, for triangulation and joint assessment of knowledge, and a starting point for further knowledge generation.     

Effects of Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Change on Evapotranspiration and Water Yield in China During 1900‐20001

Abstract: China has experienced a rapid land‐use/cover change (LUCC) during the 20th Century, and this process is expected to continue in the future. How LUCC has affected water resources across China, however, remains uncertain due to the complexity of LUCC‐water interactions. In this study, we used an integrated Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in conjunction with spatial data of LUCC to estimate the LUCC effects on the magnitude, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and water yield across China. Through comparisons of DLEM results with other model simulations, field observations, and river discharge data, we found that DLEM model can adequately catch the spatial and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes. Our simulation results demonstrate that LUCC led to substantial changes in ET, runoff, and water yield in most of the China’s river basins during the 20th Century. The temporal and spatial patterns varied significantly across China. The largest change occurred during the second half century when almost all of the river basins had a decreasing trend in ET and an increasing trend in water yield and runoff, in contrast to the inclinations of ET and declinations of water yield in major river basins, such as Pearl river basin, Yangtze river basin, and Yellow river basin during the first half century. The increased water yield and runoff indicated alleviated water deficiency in China in the late 20th Century, but the increased peak flow might make the runoff difficult to be held by reservoirs. The continuously increasing ET and decreasing water yield in Continental river basin, Southwest river basin, and Songhua and Liaohe river basin implied regional water deficiency. Our study in China indicates that deforestation averagely increased ET by 138 mm/year but decreased water yield by the same amount and that reforestation averagely decreased ET by 422 mm/year since most of deforested land was converted to paddy land or irrigated cropland. In China, cropland‐related land transformation is the dominant anthropogenic force affecting water resources during the 20th Century. On national average, cropland expansion was estimated to increase ET by 182 mm/year while cropland abandonment decreased ET by 379 mm/year. Our simulation results indicate that urban sprawl generally decreased ET and increased water yield. Cropland managements (fertilization and irrigation) significantly increased ET by 98 mm/year. To better understand LUCC effects on China’s water resources, it is needed to take into account the interactions of LUCC with other environmental changes such as climate and atmospheric composition.     

略论环保新热点——生态系统健康

健康的生态系统是人类赖以生存和发展的必要条件,维护与保持生态系统健康,是关系到人类前途和命运的重大课题。该文介绍了生态系统健康的概念、特征以及与生态学、社会经济和人类健康的关系,最后提出评价方法的框架。今后的目标是,在资源编目、风险评价、环境方案预测的基础上,建立生态系统健康的评价指标和相关工具,并可利用综合性方法,来预测生态系统的行为。     

Creating and sustaining community capacity for ecosystem-based management: Is local government the key?

Recently, collaborative approaches to natural resource management have been widely promoted as ways to broaden participation and community involvement in furthering the goals of ecosystem management. The language of collaboration has even been incorporated into controversial legislation, such as the US Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003. This research examines collaboration and sharing management responsibility for federal public land with local communities through a case study of the Ashland Municipal Watershed in southern Oregon. A policy sciences approach is used to analyze community participation and institutional relationships between the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and local city government in the planning processes of five land management actions occurring over a 7-year period. The knowledge gained from examining differing approaches to planning and decision making in the Ashland watershed is used to suggest future planning processes to develop and sustain the community capacity necessary to support implementation of community-based ecosystem management.