深圳特区不同功能区大气微生物污染调查

采用平皿沉降法,测定了深圳特区不同功能区37个监测点人群呼吸带内的大气细菌数和真菌数,结果表明,特区内不同功能区大气微生物的浓度各异,其中市区商业交通混杂区的大气细菌污染最重,其次是工业区和交通干线,文教区和居民区、旅游区大气细菌含量最低。绿化情况良好的文教区、居民区、果园的真菌含量高于工业区和交通干线。以大气细菌含量为指标评价了各测点的空气质量,参与评价的37个测点中,清洁点占56.8%,普通点占29.7%,属界限空气的测点占8.1%,5.4%的测点空气已出现轻度污染。大气细菌的日浓度变化规律为:早上(6:30)、晚上(18:30)较高,上午(10:30)、下午(14:30)较低。     

涠洲采油废水处理系统运行效果及微生物群落分析

涠洲终端处理厂选用ABR+SBR联合工艺处理采油废水,该系统运行稳定,处理效果好。进水ρ(COD)、ρ(石油类)分别为215~731,9~52 mg/L,系统处理后出水浓度为30~87,2~8 mg/L,去除率为83%~94%,78%~92%。废水中其余指标如S2-、SS和NH3-N去除率分别为99%、94%和70%~90%。利用分子分析法对微生物群落结构研究,表明进水较出水有更高的细菌丰度,出水较进水有更高的真菌丰度。推测活性污泥中Marinobacterium、Marinobacter和Thiomicrospira是系统中采油废水主要降解细菌。此外,真菌群落分布均匀主要为子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门,兼性菌如Aspergillus、Alternaria、Fusarium、Blastobotrys及Meyerozyma在活性污泥中较为丰富,Aspergillus、Alternaria可能是潜在的降解真菌。     

Evaluation of vulnerability of Suillus variegatus and Suillus granulatus mushrooms to sequester mercury in fruiting bodies

This work determined the mercury (Hg) contents and bioconcentration potential of two Suillus mushrooms, and the probable dietary intake of this element from a mushroom meal. The determination of total Hg content of fungal and soil samples was performed using cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy by a direct sample thermal decomposition coupled with gold wool trap of Hg and its further desorption and quantitative measurement at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. The median values of Hg contents (mg kg^?1 dry biomass) in 213 specimens of S. variegatus from 12 background areas varied widely from 0.087 to 0.51 for caps and from 0.041 to 0.24 for stipes. In 52 specimens of S. granulatus, the Hg contents ranged from 0.30 to 0.41 for caps and from 0.058 to 0.14 for stipes. Both species could be classified as moderate accumulators of Hg and the median bioconcentration factor values ranged from 7.0 to 14 (caps) and 2.1 to 13 (stipes) for S. variegatus and 9.5 (caps) and 1.3 (stipes) for S. granulatus. The estimated intake rates of Hg with the consumption of 300-g caps were from 0.0026 to 0.015 per capita or from 0.000037 to 0.00022 mg kg^?1 body mass and this do not indicate any cause for concern associated with eating a meal once or more in a week during the mushrooming season.     

Ecological Efficiency of Voluntary Conservation of Boreal-Forest Biodiversity

Abstract: Current networks of protected areas are biased in many countries toward landscapes of low productivity. Voluntary conservation incentives have been suggested as a socially acceptable way to supplement existing networks with more productive, privately owned areas of high priority for nature conservation. The limited resources committed to nature conservation demand cost‐efficiency. Efficiency, however, depends not only on costs incurred to society from alternative ways of maintaining biodiversity but also on ecological values that can be captured. We examined the ecological efficiency of the new market‐based voluntary program to preserve forest habitats on private land in southwestern Finland. We compared sites that have become protected (10‐year contracts) in the program with managed forests, with sites that have been negotiated for protection for which no contract has been signed, and with the most ecologically valuable privately owned sites in the region that have not been offered for protection by forest owners. We surveyed sites for the amount of dead wood, wood‐decomposing fungi, and epiphytic lichens to evaluate their ecological quality. Contracted sites had more features important for overall biodiversity than managed forests and negotiated sites with no contract. These results indicate that procedures used during site selection and negotiations were appropriate and not opportunistic. The contracted sites were also as valuable in ecological terms as the best, still‐unprotected, privately owned forests in the region that have not been offered for protection. We conclude that voluntary conservation programs have the potential to yield ecologically valuable sites for protection if the site‐selection procedures are appropriate. Reliance on completely voluntary programs, however, may entail uncertainties and inadequacies, for example, in terms of spatial configuration and persistence of the ecological values. Thus, such programs may often need to be supplemented with alternative methods such as land purchase to achieve an ecologically effective network of protected sites.     

4种外生菌根真菌对滴滴涕的耐受性及生理响应

在纯培养条件下,研究了外生菌根真菌--美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)、铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)、双色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor)、褐疣柄牛肝菌(Leccinum scabrum)在不同质量浓度DDT处理下的生长效应、耐受性和生理响应. 结果表明:DDT没有影响外生菌根真菌的生长模式,只是改变了其生长速度和生物量积累. 在5.0 mg/L的DDT处理下,美味牛肝菌、铆钉菇和双色蜡蘑的生长没有受到显著影响. 在25.0 mg/L的DDT处理下,美味牛肝菌的生长没有受到显著影响,显示出了较好的耐受性. 在高ρ(DDT)处理下,铆钉菇的多酚氧化酶、漆酶和过氧化物酶活性显著增强,液体培养基Ph下降幅度较大. 美味牛肝菌和铆钉菇通过不同的方式来响应DDT的胁迫,它们均具有较好地降解DDT的潜力.      

真菌对土壤中苯并[a]芘的共代谢降解

研究了模拟生物泥浆法修复多环芳烃污染土壤.选择了几种从石油污染土壤中分离出来的真菌,研究它们对土壤内苯并[a]芘的降解,并研究了土壤内共存底物:菲、芘、邻苯二甲酸对苯并[a]芘降解的影响,及其之间的共代谢过程.结果表明,芘可以促进镰刀菌、毛霉对苯并[a]芘的降解,并认为这是共代谢作用的结果;菲也可以促进镰刀菌对苯并[a]芘的降解,但抑制了毛霉和青霉对苯并[a]芘的降解;而邻苯二甲酸对青霉和毛霉降解苯并[a]芘的过程均有抑制作用.      

Biopesticides: Has their time come?

Abstract

The increased tempo of developments in biopesticides is closely related to the growing awareness and emphasis on integrated pest management (IPM) and sustainable agriculture. Several economic forecasting sources predict a growth rate for the biopesticide industry at 10 to 15% per annum over the next 10 years in contrast to a 1 to 2% growth rate for synthetic chemical pesticides.

The greatest opportunity for biopesticides is in the insect pest management arena. This paper discusses several types of bioinsecticides that may have significant economic impact in the coming years.     

Influences of global environmental changes on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities: a review北大核心CSCD

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌是生态系统地上地下部的重要连接体,对其群落结构特征的研究有助于菌种资源的发掘和生态系统的可持续发展.人类生产生活活动对全球环境带来了一系列的改变,如二氧化碳和臭氧浓度升高、氮沉降、增温及降水减少/增多等,全球环境变化对AM真菌群落结构的影响也引起了广泛关注.针对二氧化碳和臭氧浓度升高、增温、氮沉降和降水减少/增多等全球环境变化因子,总结其对AM真菌群落结构影响的国内外研究进展,探讨全球环境变化对AM真菌群落的可能作用途径.已有模拟全球环境变化实验研究主要集中于北半球的草原、农田和森林系统.大多研究发现二氧化碳和臭氧浓度升高未对AM真菌多样性产生不利影响,但使AM真菌群落结构显著分异.氮沉降和增温对AM真菌多样性的影响表现为降低、无显著影响和增加等多种情况,对AM真菌群落结构的影响也表现为未显著和显著分异,主要与模拟实验处理方式、增加幅度、土壤养分水平和生态系统类型等因素有关.降水减少未显著影响AM真菌群落结构和多样性,而降水增加使AM真菌群落结构发生显著分异.这些研究主要注重AM真菌群落结构和多样性如何改变等生态现象而潜在机理探索以及热带和南半球不同生态系统下的研究尚不足.另外,鉴于全球变化因子间的关联性,复合因子对AM真菌群落结构的影响值得重视.(图1表4参113)     

Beneficial effect of saprobe and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Eucalyptus globulus co-cultured with Glycine max in soil contaminated with heavy metals

The effects of saprobe and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth, chlorophyll and N, P and K content of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. growing in soil contaminated by heavy metals in the presence or absence of Glycine max were investigated. Glomus mosseae and Glomus deserticola increased dry weight, shoot length, total N, P and K concentration and the quantity of chlorophyll in E. globulus shoots. The protection of Eucalyptus by AM fungi against the action of the heavy metals was more evident when this plant grew as an intercrop with soybean than as a monoculture. The presence of the saprobe fungi Fusarium concolor and Trichoderma koningii further enhanced shoot dry weight, N, P and K content of AM Eucalyptus. The co-inoculation of Eucalyptus with Glomus deserticola and T. koningii was more effective for Cd uptake. In addition, Glomus deserticola enhanced the amount of Pb absorbed by Eucalyptus plants. We showed that it is important to select the most efficient AM and saprobe fungi to stimulate plant growth in heavy-metal-contaminated soil and that the combination of both plays an important role in metal tolerance of Eucalyptus plants.     

百喜草茎叶发酵前后甲醇溶提物对离体条件下AM真菌的生长效应

发酵前后百喜草（Paspalum notatum Fl