丛枝菌根强化型生态浮床处理煤化工模拟含盐废水

针对缺乏经济有效的中低盐废水脱盐技术问题,本试验利用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌增强植物抗盐胁迫能力,搭建AM强化型生态浮床,既探索新的中低盐废水处理技术,又解决普通浮床植物耐盐胁迫能力差、除盐效率低的问题.结果表明,AM真菌(Glomus etunicatum)与浮床植物美人蕉(Canna indica L.)建立了良好的共生关系,且侵染不受盐胁迫的影响.接种AM真菌提高了生态浮床处理含盐废水的能力,21 d内TDS、COD、TN和TP的去除率分别达到了36. 1%、74. 4%、57. 6%和59. 1%,比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了79. 2%、36. 4%、32. 7%和37. 6%.从具体盐离子来看,21 d内水体中Na、K、Ca和Mg离子的去除率分别达到了34. 4%、61. 3%、57. 4%和51. 9%,相比未接种AM真菌的普通生态浮床分别提高了11. 4%、37. 1%、18. 3%和24. 6%.从植物对盐的吸收来看,AM的存在促进了美人蕉对Na离子的吸收和向地上部的转移,这可能是AM强化型生态浮床功能得到提升的主要原因之一.本研究表明AM真菌可增强生态浮床修复水体污染的能力,提高脱盐效率.     

The formation kinetics and control of biofilms by three dominant fungi species isolated from groundwater

Filamentous fungi can enter drinking water supply systems in various ways, and exist in suspended or sessile states which threatens the health of individuals by posing a high risk of invasive infections. In this study, the biofilms formation kinetics of the three genera of fungal spores, Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Penicillium polonicum (P. polonicum) and Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) isolated from the groundwater were reported, as well as the effects of water quality parameters were evaluated. In addition, the efficiency of low- concentrations of chlorine-based disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine) on controlling the formation of fungal biofilms was assessed. The results showed that the biofilms formation of the three genera of fungi could be divided into the following four phases: induction, exponential, stationary and sloughing off. The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger > T. harzianum > P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine. Consequently, the results of this study will provide a beneficial understanding for the formation and control of fungal biofilms.     

锰过氧化物酶(MnP)对农药毒死蜱降解的初步研究

以广泛使用的有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱为研究对象,利用白腐菌P.sordida YK-624菌株所产锰过氧化物酶(MnP)对其进行生物降解的初步研究。首先比较确定了MnP降解毒死蜱所需要的降解体系,即对于毒死蜱的降解,需要在有机酸(丙二酸)存在的缓冲体系中进行,此体系不需要表面活性剂Tween 80,但必须含有Mn2+和葡萄糖氧化酶氧化葡萄糖产生的H2O2。随后对主要影响因素的试验结果表明,MnP降解毒死蜱较好的条件是在pH 4.5的丙二酸缓冲体系中含7.5 mmol/L MnSO4、2.5 mmol/L葡萄糖以及40 U葡萄糖氧化酶,温度30℃。此时,400 U/L的MnP可将30 mg/L的毒死蜱经3 d时间降解77.51%。同时,利用GC-MS对毒死蜱酶降解后的产物进行了初步分析,得到1种可能的酶解产物O,O,O’,O’-四乙基二硫代焦磷酸酯,不同于水解和细菌降解途径,值得进行进一步研究。     

白腐真菌吸附废水中Zn~(2+)的影响因素及吸附机理研究

研究白腐真菌粉末对Zn2+的吸附效果、影响因素及其吸附机理。结果表明,35 min后吸附过程基本完成,pH适宜范围为5~6,Zn2+吸附率随着Zn2+初始浓度增大而提高,且在Zn2+初始浓度为25 mg/L,吸附剂用量为2.5 g/L,pH为5.5的最佳条件下,Zn2+吸附率达到98.01%。与原白腐真菌相比,用0.8 mol/L NaOH对菌样进行预处理,Zn2+的吸附率可提高10%左右。运用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)对Zn2+吸附前后的白腐真菌粉末进行表征。结果表明,白腐真菌表面粗糙,孔隙多。吸附Zn2+的过程中,白腐真菌表面的-OH和-PO4与Zn2+发生络合反应,生成的产物主要为磷酸锌和氢氧化锌。     

Antifungal efficacy of some natural phenolic compounds against significant pathogenic and toxinogenic filamentous fungi

In terms of food safety, species of the Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera are considered the most significant because they produce the great majority of known mycotoxins. Developing resistance against commonly used fungicides have become a critical problem in area such as agriculture, the storage and production of food and even in human medicines. The need for research and development of new alternative antifungal treatment based on natural antifungal substances is obvious. Here, the antifungal efficacy of 21 phenolic components of essential oils and plant substances were tested against these filamentous fungi with respect to their different molecular structures. Minimum inhibitory concentration values MIC₅₀ and MIC₁₀₀ were successfully estimated for 15 substances by means of probit analysis. Thymol and carvacrol were evaluated as the most effective. The MIC₅₀ values for thymol ranged from 30 to 52 μg mL⁻¹. The MIC₁₀₀ values for thymol ranged from 76 to 255 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. For carvacrol, the MIC₅₀ values ranged from 37 to 76 μg mL⁻¹, and the MIC₁₀₀ ranged from 131 to 262 μg mL⁻¹. The results also revealed differences in the efficacy of phenols depending on molecular structures and different inter-species sensitivity.     

Mercury in the Grisette,Amanita vaginata Fr. and soil below the fruiting bodies

This study examined the mercury concentration in the Grisette Amanita vaginata Fr. and soil below the fruiting bodies collected between 2000 and 2008 from the wild at seven distant sites across Poland. The Hg content in samples was determined by cold atomic absorption method (CV-AAS) at a wavelength of 253.7 nm. Mean Hg contents varied from 0.096 ± 0.052 to 0.48 ± 0.13 mg kg^?1 dry matter (dm) in caps (range, 0.043–0.73 mg kg^?1), from 0.047 ± 0.02 to 0.23 ± 0.07 mg kg^?1 dm (range, 0.028–0.47 mg kg^?1) in stipes, and in underlying soil were from 0.035 ± 0.018 to 0.096 ± 0.036 mg kg^?1 dm (range, 0.017 to 0.16 mg kg^?1). The median Qc/s values ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 (mean 1.2 ± 0.4 to 2.1 ± 0.5) indicating that Hg content in stipes was generally lower than in caps. This mushroom species has some potential to bioconcentrate Hg in the fruiting bodies, as the values of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) varied for the sites between 1.2 ± 0.6 to 11 ± 5 for caps and 0.61 ± 0.26 to 7.4 ± 3.9 for stipes. Also available literature data on Hg in A. vaginata are reviewed and discussed.     

Communities of Wood-Attacking Fungi in the Region of Oil and Gas Production

The communities of xylotrophic fungi were studied in the northern and middle taiga subzones of western Siberia, in forests growing in the region of oil and gas production and exposed to various anthropogenic factors (emissions of petroleum gas flares, oil pollution, spills of mineralized oil-field water, etc.). Structural and functional rearrangements in these communities were revealed, and the prevalence of rot in the tree stand was assessed.     

真菌降解挥发性有机污染物的特性与影响因素

介绍了利用真菌降解挥发性有机污染物的生物反应器的特性及发展状况。阐述了真菌反应器内填料的选择以及温度、湿度、pH、含氧量等条件对真菌活性的影响     

黑土真菌群落互作及其与梯度有机质碳分子结构的关系

真菌在土壤有机质积累、转化以及养分循环中发挥着重要功能.本文利用高通量ITS扩增子测序和固态~(13)C核磁共振波谱技术,比较低有机质(2%～5%)和高有机质(7%～9%)条件下,土壤真菌各类群间的互作关系及其与有机碳官能团结构的联系.~(13)C-NMR分析结果表明,O-Alkyl C占总有机碳的比例随着有机质含量的升高而增大(25.8%～35.9%).有机质含量越高,A/A-O(Alkyl C/O-Alkyl C)越小,有机质分解程度越低.真菌群落中粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes, 14.33%～28.17%)和被孢毛霉菌纲(Mortierellomycotina, 7.32%～23.14%)为优势类群,其相对丰度均随着土壤有机质含量的升高而显著增加(P0.05).网络分析结果表明,相比高有机质土壤,低有机质土壤中真菌生态网络的节点数、连接数和平均聚类系数较小,真菌互作关系更简单,且真菌与有机碳官能团联系更紧密,尤其与LOC联系更紧密.随机森林模型显示LOC对低有机质土壤真菌互作关系的解释量最高(10%),其次是难分解碳组分(ROC).相比LOC对高有机质土壤真菌互作关系的贡献相对较小(7.4%).在全球土壤碳损失日益严重的背景下,碳资源的限制,特别是LOC的减少,可能会降低土壤真菌群落的稳定性和多功能性.     

岩溶区典型灌丛植物根系丛枝菌根真菌群落结构解析

运用末端限制性片段长度多态性T-RFLP法(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism),检测岩溶区典型13种灌丛植物根系丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)群落结构变化特征,探讨岩溶区AM与宿主植物是否存在选择特性.结果表明,不同灌丛植物根际土壤养分存在显著差异,豆科植物显著高于非豆科植物.聚类分析表明,13种灌丛植物均能被AM侵染,不同灌丛植物根系AM群落结构存在显著差异,尤其豆科与非豆科植物,但AM群落结构在9种非豆科植物间差异显著而在4种豆科植物间则差异不显著.冗余分析表明,影响豆科与非豆科植物根系AM群落结构的因子各异,土壤Olsen-P、p H和全氮是影响岩溶区灌丛植物根系AM群落组成结构的主要因子.研究还表明,岩溶区灌丛植物根系AM与宿主植物具有选择特性,这种选择特性出现在植物功能群的几率比植物种类大,将AM应用于岩溶区植物恢复时,应考虑AM与宿主植物的选择特性问题.