4株外生菌根真菌对Al3+吸收与吸附的研究

本研究采用液体培养方法,分析了4株源自不同生境的外生菌根真菌[Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt 715)、Suillus luteus(Sl 08和Sl 14)、Gyroporus cyanescens(Gc 99)]细胞对铝的吸收与吸附,旨在探讨外生菌根真菌抗铝的机制,为减轻树木铝害、指导抗(耐)铝菌株的筛选和保持森林健康奠定理论基础.结果表明,Al3+对菌株Pt 715和Sl 08生长的影响不明显,但是可明显抑制Sl 14和Gc 99的生长;各供试菌株铝的吸附和吸收量均随培养液中Al3+浓度的升高而增加,可见环境中Al3+浓度是影响菌根真菌铝吸收量的关键因素;耐铝菌株(Pt 715和Sl 08)吸收的总铝及单位菌丝吸收的铝量较铝敏感菌株(Gc 99和Sl14)少,这可能是其对铝不敏感的原因之一.此外,增加对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收亦可能是外生菌根真菌缓解铝毒的重要途径.     

不同白腐真菌复配方式对产酶的影响

通过对1株和由多株白腐真菌复配共同参与下的复合菌产酶量和达到最高酶活所需时间进行比较,筛选出白腐真菌最佳产酶的复配方式.结果表明,青顶拟多孔菌和糙皮侧耳菌两株菌相互发生协同作用,促进漆酶的分泌,产酶量为50.45U·mL-1;青顶拟多孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌和偏肿拟栓菌这3株菌在分泌过程中促进作用大于抑制作用,产酶量最高为75.98U·mL-1;青顶拟多孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌和血红密孔菌三者相互之间出现拮抗作用,产酶量最低为2.91 U·mL-1;实验证明,在白腐真菌之间既存在拮抗作用,也存在协同作用,因此达到最高酶活所用时间也不同.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对铁尾矿中大豆生长的影响

采用铁尾矿盆栽的方法对接种菌根真菌的大豆生长、菌根侵染率及尾矿养分变化进行了研究。结果表明,接种菌根真菌可以促进植物对养分的吸收,提高植株生物量,同时可改善尾矿。这2种丛枝菌根与植物间表现出良好的相互依赖性和较高的菌根侵染率,取得了明显生态效应。     

垃圾填埋场空气真菌群落结构和时空分布特征

为了解垃圾填埋场空气真菌的群落结构和浓度、粒径的时空分布,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气真菌进行了系统的定点取样和分析.结果表明,除无孢菌外,共出现了15属空气真菌.优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、无孢菌群(Non-sporing).填埋区和渗滤液处理区空气真菌浓度约为1 750 CFU.m-3,明显高于生活区(p0.05).2006年4月~2007年1月空气真菌浓度变化曲线呈双峰型,2个高峰分别出现在5月和9~10月,浓度可达5 000 CFU.m-3以上.填埋区4~7月空气真菌09:00~11:00的浓度低于15:00~16:00,在8月~次年1月趋势相反.空气真菌粒子在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级约占总数的75%.填埋区和渗滤液处理区的空气真菌中值直径均为2.9μm,生活区为2.8μm,3个功能区空气真菌的中值直径没有差异(p0.05).     

一株吐温-80降解真菌的分离及其降解特性研究

大量的非离子表面活性剂应用于工业生产和人类日常生活,在洗涤污垢的同时这类表面活性剂也排入环境造成污染,吐温-80是其中之一。文章从生活污水污染的土壤中分离纯化一株高效降解吐温-80的真菌菌株,其与尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)亲缘关系最近。该菌株降解吐温-80的最适温度30℃,pH为6.0。吐温-80浓度高于8000mg/L条件下此菌株仍然旺盛生长,但装液量大于80mL(100mL瓶),小于40mL(100mL瓶)以及转速小于50r/min,大于130r/min时生长迟缓。     

Effect of methamidophos on soil fungi community in microcosms by plate count, DGGE and clone library analysis

Methamidophos was widely used a pesticide in northern China. The potential influences of methamidophos on soil fungal community in black soil were assessed by plate count, 28S rDNA-PCR-DGGE, and clone library analysis. Three methamidophos levels (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) were tested in soil microcosms. Results from plate count during a 60-d microcosm experiment showed that high concentrations of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) could significantly stimulate fungal populations. DCGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting patterns showed a significant difference between the responses of culturable and total fungi communities under the stress of methamidophos. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE profiles indicated that culturable fungi in all microcosms with methamidophos treatment increased after 1 week of incubation. However, the diversity indices of total fungi decreased in the first week, as compared to the stimulation of culturable fungi. At the 8th week, however, all the microcosms treated by methamidophos were similar to the control microcosms in community structure as suggested by the Shannon diversity indices for both culturable and total fungi. In contrast, after 1 week the fungal structure of culturable and unculturable both were disturbed to different extent under the stresses of methamidophos by clustering analysis. Clone sequencing analysis indicated the stimulation of pathogenic and unculturable fungal populations by methamidophos treatment, suggetsing potential risks of plant disease outbreak.     

Performance of two biofilters with neutral and low pH treating o -gases

Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empty bed retention time (EBRT) on the performance of the bioreactors were studied; and the characteristics of microbial populations in the two biofilters were also determined. The experimental results indicated that the removal effciencies of hydrophilic compounds such as butyric acid and ammonia ...     

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (LS), roots (R), ground seeds (GS) and not ground seeds (NGS)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria sp., Pythium aphanidermatum, and Rhizoctinia solani. All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory e ects was species and plant parts dependent. R extract was shown less toxic (30.38%), whereas NGS extract expressed the strongest inhibition, with an average of 71.44%, followed by GS (58.56%) and LS (57.1%). Screening indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most resistant species, with an average inhibition of 34.5%. F. graminearum, Alternaria sp. and R. solani were the most sensitive species, and were similarly inhibited (63.5%). The stability test indicated that the aqueous extracts of all plant parts lost approximately 50% of their relative activity after one month of storage at 4°C, whilst they lost 60%–90% of their activity when stored at ambient temperature for one month. The antifungal activity resided mainly in the methanol fraction and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol fraction witch caused total inhibition of R. solani and Alternaria sp. was 60 g/ml. Results of current study suggested that the constituents of Trigonella foenum-graecum have potential against harmful pathogenic fungi. Therefore, fenugreek could be an important source of biologically active compounds useful for developing better new antifungal drugs.     

无公害食用菌生产技术规程的制定研究

通过分析近年来我国食用菌生产管理和产品质量安全存在的问题,论述了开展无公害食用菌生产的重要性.同时吸收各地的生产经验.根据国家有关标准,从食用菌生产场所的选择、培养基材料和水的要求、栽培管理、病虫害防治、采后处理、加工贮藏和产品质量安全检测等几个方面,提出了一整套较系统的无公害食用菌生产技术操作规程.该项技术规程在生产上的推广应用,对提高食用菌生产技术水平、改善和保障食用菌产品质量、增强产品在国际市场的竞争力将产生积极的推动作用.     

Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems

A dead mammal (i.e. cadaver) is a high quality resource (narrow carbon:nitrogen ratio, high water content) that releases an intense, localised pulse of carbon and nutrients into the soil upon decomposition. Despite the fact that as much as 5,000 kg of cadaver can be introduced to a square kilometre of terrestrial ecosystem each year, cadaver decomposition remains a neglected microsere. Here we review the processes associated with the introduction of cadaver-derived carbon and nutrients into soil from forensic and ecological settings to show that cadaver decomposition can have a greater, albeit localised, effect on belowground ecology than plant and faecal resources. Cadaveric materials are rapidly introduced to belowground floral and faunal communities, which results in the formation of a highly concentrated island of fertility, or cadaver decomposition island (CDI). CDIs are associated with increased soil microbial biomass, microbial activity (C mineralisation) and nematode abundance. Each CDI is an ephemeral natural disturbance that, in addition to releasing energy and nutrients to the wider ecosystem, acts as a hub by receiving these materials in the form of dead insects, exuvia and puparia, faecal matter (from scavengers, grazers and predators) and feathers (from avian scavengers and predators). As such, CDIs contribute to landscape heterogeneity. Furthermore, CDIs are a specialised habitat for a number of flies, beetles and pioneer vegetation, which enhances biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems.