丹江口水库水位抬高面临的挑战及其对策

移民与生态环境问题是丹江口水库水位抬高所面临的主要问题。移民问题是水位抬高首当其冲需要解决的难题,存在政策法规、移民资金、安置措施、脱贫致富等问题,需要以市场为导向,综合考虑诸多因素,制定可行的移民规划,确保移民的稳定和发展。生态环境问题是非常艰巨的问题,水土流失严重、污染源与污染总量日益增加、水质下降、支流库湾富营养化进程加剧等问题将困扰水库的运行与管理,后靠移民的生产生活也在一定程度上对生态环境产生影响;建议成立专门的监管机构,全方位开展水源地保护工作,确保水库水质安全和南水北调中线工程战略目标的实现。     

近48a宁夏寒潮的变化特征及可能影响的成因初步分析

利用1961—2008年宁夏日温度及逐月北半球500 hPa环流特征量、北极涛动指数(AOI)和NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,对宁夏寒潮频次变化的气候特征进行了分析,并对影响其变化的可能原因进行了讨论,结果表明:宁夏寒潮活动各地差异较大,主要出现在春季;近48年,春秋季寒潮频次呈弱增加趋势,冬季呈弱减少趋势;寒潮频次与AOI、气温呈负相关,与西伯利亚高压、东亚冬季风强度及入侵中国的冷空气活动频次呈正相关,相关关系在秋冬季明显,春季不明显;在气候变暖的大背景下,从20世纪80年代末开始,随着AOI从负位相转为正位相,冬季西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风强度的减弱使得宁夏地表温度持续升高,是宁夏冬季寒潮频次减少的可能原因;春季也有类似的变化,不同的是:20世纪80年代中期以前,西伯利亚高压对寒潮活动作用更显著,之后,随气温持续增暖,冷空气活动对寒潮频次的影响更明显;秋季,西伯利亚高压和冷空气活动对寒潮的影响更直接明显。研究还发现,进入21世纪后,随着全球持续增暖,北极涛动对西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风的影响有所减弱。因此,北极涛动、西伯利亚高压、冷空气活动频次、东亚冬季风、气温这几者之间的相互反馈作用是宁夏寒潮频次变化的可能原因。     

西北冰洋海域表层沉积物中厌氧菌分布特征

用逐步稀释法在4℃和25℃培养条件下测定了西北冰洋海域24个表层沉积物样品中厌氧菌(Anaerobic bacteria,AAB) 的检出率和含量.同时,分析了这两项指标的水平分布（纬度间、经度间）差异,以及在不同水深的变化特征.结果表明,在4℃和25℃培养条件下厌氧菌检出率高达100%,AAB含量范围分别为9.00×102~2.40×107cell·g-1和2.90×104~2.40×107cell·g-1,平均含量分别为4.54×106cell·g-1和3.99×106cell·g-1.AAB含量存在水平分布差异,随着纬度升高,或经度自西向东,或水深的加大,AAB的含量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势.     

基于节约法的村镇生活垃圾收运路线优化研究

为了降低垃圾收运成本,减少垃圾收运过程产生的环境和社会影响,对含有多种级别道路的村镇生活垃圾收运路线进行了优化。综合考虑垃圾收运过程的运输距离、路况、环境污染等因素,利用层次分析法确定了不同级别道路的综合权重,并对实际运输距离进行修正,得到综合运输距离。以节约综合运输距离为目标,使用节约法对收运路线进行优化,得出了节约路程多、发生拥堵少、环境污染小的村镇生活垃圾收运路线。并以蒙城县岳坊镇为例,对该地区的垃圾收运路线进行优化设计,验证了方法的可行性。     

森林火灾地面扑救的最佳路线的计算

建立了森林火灾地面扑救方式(直接扑救、间接扑救和平行扑救)的最佳扑救路线的数学模型,设计了模型的计算机数值求解算法。给出了匀速扩张的椭圆形火场的一个算例,从其计算结果中导出的一些实用的结论与以往用解析方法得到的结论是一致的,以此初步验证了模型的有效性。     

高层建筑火灾最佳疏散路线的确定

高层建筑发生火灾后，在现场情况比较复杂的情况下，尽快地选择一条既安全、疏散时间又短的疏散路线，是室内人员快速、安全撤离火场的重要保障。在应用高层建筑火灾全风网网络模拟软件HRBFS模拟火灾时建筑物内烟流体积分数的基础上，结合当时人员的分布情况，提出了最佳疏散路线的算法。     

景观规划创意与生态旅游的结合--转山湖水库风景区概念性规划简介

本文结合生态旅游讨论一个水库风景区的景观规划创意,从生态规划角度对人与环境的共生主题进行探讨,突出水域生态资源与环境保护可持续发展这一中心,提倡规划项目与时代需要的深入结合,并在具体规划中关注人与环境的共生性问题。     

Pharmacokinetics of [14C]-atrazine in rhesus monkeys,single-dose intravenous and oral administration

This is the first study regarding the pharmacokinetics of [¹⁴C]-atrazine conducted with rhesus monkeys. The animals received one dose (0.25 mg) intravenously (IV) or three doses (1, 10, or 100 mg) orally. Plasma, urine, and feces were collected at defined times up to 7 days post-dosing. Sample radioactivity was measured to determine the mass equivalent. IV administered [¹⁴C]-atrazine disappeared rapidly from blood, with an elimination half-life of about 5.5 ± 1.1 h. The pharmacokinetic profiles of [¹⁴C]-atrazine following oral administration at the three dose levels show that kinetic parameters such as AUC and C _max are linearly correlated with the dose. Seven days after dosing, urinary and fecal excretion of [¹⁴C]-atrazine reached 99% of total administered dose in the IV group and 91–95% in the three oral dose groups. In the IV-administered monkeys, approximately 85% of the dose was excreted in urine and 12% in feces. In three oral dose groups, urinary and fecal radioactivity recoveries approximated 57% and 21%, 58% and 25%, and 53% and 35%, respectively. More than 50% of the total urinary excreted radioactivity was found within the first 24 h after dosing. In conclusion, the principal elimination of [¹⁴C]-atrazine, IV and orally administered, is via urine. The oral bioavailability was 60% or higher. There was a significant linear correlation between administered oral dose and plasma concentration. Overall oral dose accountability ranged from 91% to 95%. Data generated may be useful in the risk assessment of human exposure to environmental atrazine contamination.     

Quantitative assessment in safety reports of the consequences from the detonation of solid explosives

Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper.