金川公司二矿区矿井火灾救灾决策支持系统研究

井下属于受限空间,一旦发生火灾,避灾和救护都比较困难。发生矿井火灾时,火灾参数不易测定,但在制定火灾应急救援预案时,则是必须考虑的问题,因此,数值模拟就成为一种分析矿井火灾的有力工具。笔者利用地下工程火灾理论,从流体网络的角度给出了污染范围的确定及最佳避灾路线的数学模型;从实用的角度出发,根据金川公司二矿区的具体情况,构建了金川公司二矿区矿井火灾救灾决策支持系统;可为火灾时期火情预测、避灾、救灾及制定火灾应急救援预案提供支持。     

层次分析法在自然保护区公路路线方案选择中的应用

针对自然保护区公路路线方案选择中存在的盲目性、片面性和主观性问题，本文以环长白山旅游公路建设项目环境影响评价方案为例，提出运用层次分析法进行路线方案比选。结果表明，在公路环境影响评价的路线方案选择过程中，层次分析法是一种较好的定量分析方法。     

宁夏冰雹的分布特征

应用1961～2004年宁夏各气象站地面观测资料，统计分析了宁夏冰雹的时空分布特征，探讨了宁夏冰雹产生的主要源地和移动路径。分析表明：20世纪80年代为宁夏冰雹频发期，90年代有减少的趋势；近10年来冰雹大为减少，年际变化比较大，有一定的周期性。冰雹多发生于春末至盛夏，6月为频发期；87％出现在中午至傍晚前后；71．84％的降雹持续时间在1～10min之间。初雹最早发生在3月中旬，终雹最晚结束在10E下旬。有2个频发中心，即宁夏南部的六盘山区和北部的贺兰山区，有“山地多、平川少、南北多、中部少”的地域分布特征。降雹线大部分呈NW—SE走向，移动路径多从西北向东南方向移动；主要发源于六盘山系和贺兰山沿山。     

攀钢西昌钢钒有限公司环保信息化建设探索

攀钢集团公司2009年在凉山州西昌市投资建设了攀钢西昌钒钛资源综合利用项目,成立了攀钢西昌钢钒有限公司。项目组成之一的信息化系统建设中,能源环保系统作为一子系统同步配套建设。介绍了能源环保子系统中环保信息化系统设计架构、功能、技术路线等,可作为环保信息化系统设计的借鉴和参考。     

Application of an aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer: Charged-particle polarity ratio measurement in the Antarctic and Arctic regions

An aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer (AEMSA), developed at Hanyang University, was employed to investigate the particle charge characteristics in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The particle charge characteristics in these areas were compared with the charging state in Ansan, South Korea, located in the midlatitude, where artificial factors, such as human activity, urbanization, and traffic, might result in a higher total concentration. Furthermore, in Ansan, South Korea, the charged-particle polarity ratio was very stable and was close to 1. However, notably different particle charge characteristics were obtained in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The imbalance between the numbers of positively and negatively charged particles was evident, resulting in more positive charges on the atmospheric particles. On average, the positively charged particle concentrations in the Antarctic and Arctic areas were 1.4 and 2.8 times higher, respectively, compared with the negatively charged particles. The developed AEMSA system and the findings of this study provide useful information on the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and can be further utilized to study particle formation mechanisms.     

基于格序理论的爆炸类危险化学品运输路径研究

为有效预防和减少爆炸类危险化学品运输中事故的发生,针对爆炸类危险化学品运输的路径优化选择问题,将多目标格序决策理论引入到路径方案评价比选中,构建了爆炸类危险化学品运输路径优化选择评价指标体系。结合指标选取的综合性和可操作性原则,从6个方面建立爆炸类危险化学品运输路径比选指标体系:影响区域死伤人数规模、影响区域厂矿规模、影响区域人口规模、影响区域名胜古迹保护性、影响区域生态环境保护性、影响区域综合出行费用规模。通过对各方案综合差异度的计算,实现了备选方案的格序化排序。并且在模型体系权重计算中采用了熵值法,实现了权重确定的客观性。最后,应用该模型结合实例进行了计算。     

The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska1

Clilverd, Hannah M., Daniel M. White, Amy C. Tidwell, and Michael A. Rawlins, 2011. The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1228–1240. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00569.x Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on northern groundwater supplies were examined at a fractured‐marble mountain aquifer near Nome, Alaska. Well water surface elevations (WSE) were monitored from 2004‐2009 and analyzed with local meteorological data. Future aquifer response was simulated with the Pan‐Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) using forcings (air temperature and precipitation) derived from fifth‐generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) global circulation model climate scenarios for extreme and modest increases in greenhouse gases. We observed changes in WSE due to the onset of spring snowmelt, low intensity and high intensity rainfall events, and aquifer head recession during the winter freeze period. Observed WSE and snow depth compared well with PWBM‐simulated groundwater recharge and snow storage. Using ECHAM5‐simulated increases in mean annual temperature of 4‐8°C by 2099, the PWBM predicted that by 2099 later freeze‐up and earlier snowmelt will decrease seasonal snow cover by one to two months. Annual evapotranspiration and precipitation are predicted to increase 27‐40% (55‐81 mm) and 33‐42% (81‐102 mm), respectively, with the proportion of snowfall in annual precipitation decreasing on average 9‐25% (p < 0.05). The amount of snowmelt is not predicted to change significantly by 2099; however, a decreasing trend is evident from 2060 in the extreme ECHAM5 greenhouse gas scenario. Increases in effective precipitation were predicted to be great enough to sustain sufficient groundwater recharge.     

基于个体脆弱性区域疏散最佳路径

针对危险化学品、生化制剂、放射性或核物质（ CBRN）事故情景,建立区域疏散路径优化模型。基于个体脆弱性模型,提出了适合求解模型算法,包括静态最优路径算法和动态最优路径算法。最后用随机路网测试算法的应用效果,结果表明,所提算法可以满足区域疏散路径双目标优化的需求,并能根据外部环境变化动态更新当前最优路径,是一种近似、快速的算法。区域疏散路径的确定可为CBRN事故救灾提供有力的技术支持。     

Pollution of the Arctic

The great remote region of the Arctic, which even recently has been considered pristine, has during the last few decades become an object of pollution impact from local and distant sources. The major atmospheric, riverine, and marine pathways result in the long-range transport of contaminants into and within the Arctic. Over the last few years, very comprehensive programs were carried out, the major goal of which was to assess the present state of the Arctic environment (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme and Canadian Arctic Contaminants in 1997). Recent studies on Arctic estuaries and river–coast interaction have been conducted as a contribution to the global IGBP/LOICZ project. New data from Russian research over the last few decades were also received. All kinds of contaminants were taken into consideration, including artificial radionuclides, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Many localities were found with significant levels of pollution. However, the general conclusion is that, in comparison with most other areas of the world, the Arctic remains a relatively clean environment. Electronic Publication     

我国原油流动的空间格局研究

运用平衡方程式分析了我国各省区的原油生产消费与输入输出状况,并根据自给率,将我国26个原油流动省区划分为基本自给型、半自给型、净输出型和净补给型4种原油产需平衡类型。根据流动比率,26个省区可划归为输出中心、输入中心和交流中心3种原油流动职能类型;在分布格局上,输出中心为直角三角形,输入中心为直角梯形区,交流中心则为钝角三角形。以主要源地为标准,我国原油流动可划分为北部、西北、华东和华南四大流场,其中北部、西北属于全国性流场。我国原油流动路径可分为五大密集区,各区路径的空间结构不同：东北区为树状网络结构,华北区为单枝二叉树状结构,西北区为"X"形结构,华东区为多中心"Ⅲ"形结构,华南区则为"Y"形结构。流动路径之间还广泛存在并联与串联,充分发挥多种通道的综合流动效益。研究原油流动空间格局为我国石油空间组织的优化奠定了基础。〖