电晕法处理挥发性有机化合物技术研究现状

本文介绍了挥发性有机物(VOCs)的特点及危害，综述了各种处理技术的基本原理、优势及存在的问题，并进行对比。重点介绍了电晕放电技术的原理以及研究现状，强调其相对于其他技术所独有的优越性，针对其存在的问题，预期了研究工作未来的发展方向。     

沈阳市室内空气中挥发性有机物的污染状态分析

选取装修时间分别为7d、30d、90d的居室各50户,采集室内空气样测定总挥发性有机物（TVOC）浓度,发现超标率随装修时间的延长而下降,且90d后TVOC超标2倍以上的严重污染户已降至2％;装修3个月以上居室室内空气中TVOC组分共检测出59种,其中32种为半数以上居室所共有,经分析绝大多数为室内装修材料所释放且多为有害物质;通过实验发现周期性通风放置比封闭状态放置能够更快地降低室内TVOC浓度．是减轻TVOC污染的最佳方法。     

Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from polluted air

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are among the most common air pollutants emitted from chemical, petrochemical, and allied industries. VOCs are one of the main sources of photochemical reaction in the atmosphere leading to various environmental hazards; on the other hand, these VOCs have good commercial value. Growing environmental awareness has put up stringent regulations to control the VOCs emissions. In such circumstances, it becomes mandatory for each VOCs emitting industry or facility to opt for proper VOCs control measures. There are many techniques available to control VOCs emission (destruction based and recovery based) with many advantages and limitations. Therefore, deciding on a particular technique becomes a difficult task. This article illustrates various available options for VOCs control. It further details the merits, demerits and applicability of each option. The authors hope that this article will help in critically analysing the requirements and accordingly decide on the appropriate strategy to control VOCs.     

松针燃烧排放物的热重桥/质谱在线监测方法

森林火灾排放物主要包含气体、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)、和半挥发性有机化合物(SVOCs),这些物质会严重威胁消防队员和居民的健康。森林火灾烟气是一种包含固体颗粒、液体和气体化合物的复杂混合物。在火前锋附近(靠近消防队员)或者离火前锋很远(但靠近居民)的地方,当苯、甲苯、烯烃等有机化合物的浓度超过各健康安全组织规定的极限值,就可能对健康产生影响。本文给出了一种使用室内热重桥一质谱联用对炉内松针燃烧实验进行火前锋排放物在线监测的新方法。该燃烧实验被认为含氧量较低,这是真实森林火灾中通常的情形。使用这种方法测量得到的苯和甲苯的最大浓度分别是1050和2050ppm。CO2的最大浓度超过10．000ppm。     

浙江三门湾柱样沉积中长链烯酮、正构烷烃和多环芳烃组成、分布特征及对厄尔尼诺／拉尼娜事件的追踪

利用气相色谱对浙江三门湾H30柱样沉积中长链烯酮、正构烷烃和多环芳烃组成和来源进行分析,并对柱样沉积中相关有机地化指标与厄尔尼诺／拉尼娜事件的关联性进行了探讨。正构烷烃GC谱图显示碳数分布范围为C14-C35,呈双峰型,低碳峰群的主峰为C17-C19,高碳峰群的主峰为C27-C31,这种分布特征表明三门湾沉积物中陆地高等植物和海洋菌藻类的烷烃共存。根据多环芳烃的菲／蒽比值、荧蒽／芘比值、2-3环化合物总量和4环以上化合物总量等可推断,三门湾沉积地层中的多环芳烃主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧物和石油源（航运事件）。基于精确的。mPb定年,1822-2005年间正构烷烃和多环芳烃含量分布、分子组合特征指数可能与厄尔尼诺,拉尼娜事件具有一定的关联。具体表现在,长链正构烷烃的含量与总多环芳烃含量变化具有良好的一致性,二者含量和花、CPI、烷烃C旷C19在厄尔尼诺年增加（尤其在厄尔尼诺结束年）,指示陆源有机质输入和海洋菌藻类一致增加;而二者含量和∑C21／∑C22＋、烷烃C15．C19在拉尼娜事件时降低,表明海洋菌藻类减少。     

热脱附-气相色谱法测定环境空气中芳烃和卤代烃

建立了热脱附-气相色谱法测定环境空气中9种芳烃和卤代烃方法。阐述了样品管制备、采样袋预处理、现场采样和实验富集等过程。采用保留时间定性、外标法定量。进行了自动热脱附仪的吸附和解吸效率的试验,各组分的吸附效率均在97%以上,解吸效率达98 9%。最低检出质量浓度氯乙烯为0 0003mg/m3、1,2-二氯乙烷和1,2-二氯丙烷为0 0002mg/m3、苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯和邻二甲苯均为0 0001mg/m3。试图以不更换TenaxTA吸附剂标准冷阱来测定齐鲁石化环境空气中特征污染物乙烯,由于冷阱对乙烯的二级吸附未能很好地解决,试验效果不理想,有待进一步研究。     

Using Multiple Criteria for Fingerprinting Unknown Oil Samples Having Very Similar Chemical Composition

This paper describes a case study in which a multi-criterion approach was used to fingerprinting and identifying mystery oil samples. Three unknown oil samples were received from Quebec on March 28, 2001 for chemical analysis. The main purpose of this analysis was to detemine the nature and the type of the products, detailed hydrocarbon composition of the samples, and whether these samples came from the same source. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydrocarbon distribution patterns of unknown oils were recognized. Multiple suites of analytes were quantified and compared. A variety of diagnostic ratios of "source-specific marker" compounds for interpreting chemical data were further determined and analyzed. The chemical fingerprinting results reveal the following: (1) These three oils are most likely a hydraulic-fluid type oil. (2) These three oils are very "pure", largely composed of saturated hydrocarbons with the total aromatics being only 4-10% of the TPH. (3) The oils are a mixture of two different hydraulic fluids. There is no clear sign indicating they had been weathered. (4) The PAH concentrations are extremely low (<10 µg/g oil) in the oil samples, while the biomarker concentration are unusually high (4700-5500 µ/g oil). (5) Three major unknown compounds in the oil samples were positively identified. They are antioxidant compounds added to oils. (6) Samples 2996 and 2997 are identical and come from the same source. (7) The sample 2998 has group hydrocarbon compositions (including the GC traces, TPH, and total saturates) very similar to samples 2996 and 2997. But, it is not identical in chemical composition to samples 2996 and 2997, and they do not come from the same source.     

A Strategy and Methodology for Defensibly Correlating Spilled Oil to Source Candidates

The source of crude oils and petroleum products released into navigable waterways and shipping lanes is not always known. Thus, the defensible identification of spilled crude oils and petroleum products and their correlation to suspected sources is a critical part of many oil spill assessments. Quantitative "fingerprinting" analysis, when evaluated using straightforward statistical and numerical analyses, provides a defensible means to differentiate among qualitatively similar oils and provides the best assessment of the source(s) for spilled oils. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and petroleum biomarker concentration data are a particularly useful quantitative measure that can benefit most oil spill investigations. In this paper the strategy and methodology for correlation analysis that relies upon quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM) is demonstrated in a case study involving 66 candidate sources for a heavy fuel oil spill of unknown origin. The strategy includes identification of 19 chemical indices (out of 45 evaluated) based upon PAH's and biomarkers that were (1) independent of weathering; and (2) precisely measured, both of which are determined by statistical analysis of the data. The 19 chemical indices meeting these criteria are subsequently analysed using principal component analysis (PCA), which helps to determine defensibly the "prime suspects" for the oil spill under investigation. The strategy and methodology described, which combines statistical and numerical analysis of quantitative chemical data, can be adapted and applied to other environmental forensic investigations with the objective of correlating any form of contamination to its suspected sources.     

Characterization of Naturally-occurring and Anthropogenic PAHs in Urban Sediments-Wycoff/Eagle Harbor Superfund Site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous constituents in urban sedimentary environments. The accurate characterization of their source(s) in sediments influences decisions regarding the liability for clean-up and remedial options. In this study, an extensive PAH dataset that included 50 non-alkylated (parent) and alkylated PAH groups and isomers was acquired using a modified EPA Method 8270 for the study of 5 cm intervals from 10 sediment cores (28-78 cm) obtained from the Eagle Harbor Superfund Site on Bainbridge Island, Washington. Conventional hydrocarbon "fingerprinting" and the PAH profiles in the Pb 210 age-dated cores revealed three primary PAH sources to the sediments over the past 220 years, namely (1) naturally occurring background; (2) urban runoff, and (3) creosote, the latter resulting from prior operations at the former Wyckoff wood-processing facility located on the Harbor. Naturally occurring background PAH in the pre-industrial (<1900) sediments were dominated by perylene, 1,7-dimethylphenan-threne (derived from the oxidation of abietic acid resins), and pyrogenic PAH most likely derived from historic forest fires. The concentration of PAH total in these pre-industrial sediments was consistently less than 1 mg/kg (dry). Urban runoff in the post-industrial (>1930) sediments was dominated by low but consistent concentrations (10-20 mg/kg dry) of pyrogenic PAM derived primarily from the combustion of fossil fuel(s). The creosote-impacted sediments in the post-industrialized sediments contained high concentrations (1000-140,000 mg/kg dry) of pyrogenic PAH associated with distilled, coal-derived liquids.     

氯代芳香族化合物高效降解菌的驯化与筛选

为了筛选除解造纸废水中的氯代芳香族化合物的高效降解菌株,选用了造纸废水SBR处理系统的活性污泥作为菌源,采用平板分离池分离出18种菌株,并从中选出生长势态良好的11种,通过对废水中CODCr,TCl的降解效果试验,确定出以M3＋M8为组合的优势混合菌。