Extraction of arsenic in a synthetic arsenic-contaminated soil using phosphate

An environment-friendly and cost-effective extraction method has been studied for the removal of arsenic from contaminated soil. A yellow-brown forest soil was contaminated with arsenic(V) and used as a model soil. Among various potassium and sodium salts, potassium phosphate was most effective in extracting arsenic, attaining more than 40% extraction in the pH range of 6–8 with minimum damage to the soil properties. Exchange mechanism is proposed for the extraction of arsenic from soil by phosphate. Sequential extraction shows that phosphate is effective in extracting arsenic of Al- and Fe-bound forms. Arsenic of residual form was not extracted. Arsenic was efficiently extracted by phosphate solution of pH 6.0 at 300 mM phosphate concentration and at 40°C.     

Interactions of arsenic and phenanthrene on their uptake and antioxidative response in Pteris vittata L

The interactions of arsenic and phenanthrene on plant uptake and antioxidative response of Pteris vitatta L. were studied hydroponically. The combination of arsenic and phenanthrene decreased arsenic contents in fronds by 30-51%, whereas increased arsenic concentrations 1.2-1.6 times in roots, demonstrating the suppression of arsenic translocation compared to the corresponding treatment without phenanthrene. Under the co-exposure, As(III) concentrations in fronds deceased by 12-73%, and at higher arsenic exposure level (≥10 mg/L), As(V) in fronds and As(III) in roots increased compared to the single arsenic treatment. Arsenic exposure elevated phenanthrene concentrations in root by 39-164%. The co-existence of arsenic and phenanthrene had little impact on plant arsenic accumulation, although synergistic effect on antioxidants was observed, suggesting the special physiological process of P. vitatta in the co-exposure and application potential of P. vitatta in phytoremediation of arsenic and PAHs co-contamination.     

Fate of arsenic compounds in poultry litter upon land application

The use of the organic As compound, roxarsone, as an antibiotic additive to poultry feed continues to raise concern over potential negative environmental impacts. Total As concentration in poultry litter can reach >40 mg kg⁻¹ and both roxarsone and its mineralization product As(V) have been identified in poultry litters (PL). To investigate the fate of these As species upon land application of PL we conducted two studies. In the first, an Orangeburg soil (Ultisol from the Atlantic Coastal Plain) was spiked with either 20 mg kg⁻¹ As(V) or roxarsone and incubated at 10% moisture content for 4 months. Exchangeable As was determined periodically by extraction with 0.1 M PO₄. Both As(V) and roxarsone displayed similar desorption; initially, approximately 70% of added As was ligand exchangeable and this decreased to 35% after 4 months incubation, presumably due to either slow sorption reactions or a change in solid phase speciation of As to less exchangeable forms. In the second study, various manipulations of two PL samples were applied to the Orangeburg soil at realistic field application rates. The treatments were wet to 10% moisture content and water soluble As, Cu and organic carbon (DOC) was measured over 30 days. Arsenic and Cu solubility were highest from the dried litter samples. Ashing of the PLs decreased soluble As and Cu, presumably because of the loss of organic matter from the ashed litter and subsequent decrease in DOC. Application of leachates from either PL resulted in higher concentrations of soluble As and Cu than when the soil was amended with equivalent concentrations of soluble As and Cu dissolved in DI H₂O. We hypothesize that the increased levels of DOC from the PL treatments enhance As and Cu solubility through competitive sorption and complexation, respectively. In fact, As and Cu solubility was correlated to DOC levels in the amended soil extracts. Even though land application of PL introduced relatively low concentrations of As and Cu to soil it appeared that other soluble constituents of PL significantly enhanced As and Cu solubility.     

利用主动土壤干燥-微波消解技术和原子荧光分光光度法分析土壤中砷的研究

研究利用主动土壤干燥技术,配合微波消解、原子荧光分光光度法,在短时间内完成大量不同用途土壤,如湿地、山林、农田耕地、沙石地等样品中砷的测定。采集的新鲜土壤样品经初筛,过滤、筛分等处理后,利用主动烘干技术,模拟自然干燥状态,可以快速烘干不同含水量的大量样品。该方法避免了因自然风干产生的实验室间的交叉污染,可以短时间处理大量样品;利用微波消解法进行前处理,再利用原子荧光分光光度法进行样品测定。该研究对52个土壤样品中的砷进行了测定,砷含量在2.70~27.3mg/kg。方法的最低方法检出限可以达0.001mg/kg。     

水稻不同生育期As胁迫下As累积关键生育期

水稻不同生育期对As的吸收累积差异明显.为研究水稻糙米As累积的关键生育期,明确不同生育期吸收累积As对糙米As累积的贡献,本研究通过水培试验,分别在水稻分蘖期(30 d)、拔节期(16 d)、孕穗期(13 d)、灌浆期(17 d)、蜡熟期(15 d)、成熟期(13 d)和全生育期(104 d)添加外源As,及不添加外源As处理作为对照CK.结果表明:(1)不同生育期As胁迫对水稻植株生物量有显著影响,与对照CK相比,单一时期As胁迫处理中仅分蘖期As胁迫处理下植株生物量增加,其他处理均降低,其中孕穗期As胁迫处理最低,所有单一时期As胁迫处理植株生物量均高于全生育时期As胁迫下植株生物量;(2)6个单一时期As胁迫处理糙米中As含量均高于对照CK糙米中As含量,范围为0.08～0.24 mg·kg^-1,其中孕穗期As胁迫处理糙米As含量最高,为全生育时期As胁迫处理糙米As含量的64.9%;(3)6个单一时期As胁迫处理糙米As的累积量均高于对照CK,范围为1.4～4.5μg·株^-1,其中孕穗期As胁迫处理糙米As累积量最高,其次是灌浆期,...     

原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的不确定度评定

以氢化物-原子荧光法测定水中砷含量为例,应用不确定度理论,从测试过程和计算方法的角度分析了测量不确定度的各种影响因素:标准物质、溶液稀释情况、工作曲线的非线性以及原子荧光光度计的测量性能等,对各测量不确定度分量进行计算和评定。结果表明:原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的测量不确定度的主要影响因素是工作曲线的非线性和原子荧光光度计的测量性能,其次是标准储备液的逐级稀释,当水样稀释倍数非常低时,因水样稀释引入的不确定度可忽略不计。砷含量的扩展不确定度为1.2μg/L,置信水平为95%。     

Demand for environmental quality information and household response: Evidence from well-water arsenic testing

Access to information about environmental quality may facilitate low-cost preventive measures that protect human health. In this paper, we study the demand for information about environmental quality and the behavioral response to the information provided. With a field experiment conducted in Bihar (India), we estimate the price sensitivity of demand for diagnostic testing of drinking water wells for arsenic of natural origin – a serious threat to the health of tens of millions of villagers across South and Southeast Asia. Demand is substantial but sensitive to price; uptake falls from 68% to 31% of households over our price range (Rs. 10 to Rs. 50). We further assess how households respond to information regarding the contamination level in their wells. About one-third of households with unsafe wells switch to a safer water source. Finally, we demonstrate that households that received adverse test outcomes are more likely to selectively forget test results, and proactively remove evidence of their wells' arsenic status.     

土壤中砷和汞的分析方法探讨

目的：为了建立一种同时快速测定土壤中砷、汞的方法。方法：用微波消解仪对土壤样品进行消解，用AFS-3100双道原子荧光光度计，选择了最佳的仪器条件，及酸度，硼氢化钾浓度，同时测定砷、汞。结果：本法线性关系砷为0ng／mL-10ng／mL，相关系数0．9994。汞为0ng／mL-1．0ng／mL，相关系数为0．9993。检出限砷为0．003ng／mL。汞为0．002ng/mL。结论：本方法操作简单，灵敏度高，快速，便于推广，适于土壤中砷和汞的同时测定。     

砷矿尾砂污染及其治理研究

调查了广东省连南瑶族自治县寨岗铁屎坪土法炼砷废墟及其周边砷污染状况.发现渗流水含砷高达43.72 mg/L,渗流水随雨水沿山坡、溪流流入下游,对周边的水体、土壤、农作物等造成严重污染.同时发现全缘凤尾蕨、龙船蕨、野苎麻、白芒草和接骨草是耐砷植物.模拟试验证实在炼砷废墟和高砷尾砂上种植这些植物可减少砷的迁移,且不致引起二次污染.1998年对铁屎坪土法炼砷废墟进行治理,经一年多跟踪观察,周边水体中砷含量从原来的约0.048 mg/L下降到0.001 06 mg/L.结果表明用植被治理尾砂的砷污染是一种价廉、有效的方法.     

Second german heavy-metal survey by means of mosses,and comparison of the first and second approach in germany and other european countries

This paper shows the geographic distribution in Germany of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) analyzed in mosses in 1995/96 and compares it with the results of the 1990/91 pilot study within a European moss-monitoring programme. Other elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ti, V, Zn) are compared on basis of the overall element medians for Germany of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 survey. Samples of Pleurozium schreberi, Scleropodium purum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Hylocomium splendens were taken at a total of 1026 sites. In the 1995/96 monitoring campaign, 95% of the original sites of the 1990/91 study were resampled. The results from 1995/96 display local elevated values and many cases of areas affected by known sources of heavy-metal emissions. The industrialized and urban regions of Germany are shown up clearly by the 1995/96 moss-monitoring results: the Ruhr area, parts of Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, as well as areas in eastern Germany. Relatively low values for many elements were found in large areas of Lower Saxony and Bavaria. A comparison of the results of the 1990/91 and 1995/96 moss-monitoring programmes shows a fall in the concentration of the presented elements (except cadmium, copper and zinc) over the relevant period. Especially in the former GDR, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) decreased significantly. This is, firstly, a reflection of the closure of and/or technological improvements to large power plants; secondly it is due to the fact that lignite has given way to other fuels. Vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni), typical constituents of crude oil, also show a decrease in the western part and thus document changes in the type of fuel consumed. The significant fall in lead concentration in 1995/96 as compared to 1990/91 in what used to be East and West Germany probably results from the increasing use of lead-free petrol. A comparison of the median values for 1990/91 and 1995/96 in mosses to the rate of emission of heavy metals in Germany for 1990 and 1995 shows similar trends in the case of elements such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). The comparison of the medians of the elements analyzed for 19 European countries indicates for most of the elements a general tendency to lower values in 1995, except for Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and United Kingdom.