An assessment of sampling,preservation, and analytical procedures for arsenic speciation in potentially contaminated waters

This study was undertaken to ascertain optimal methods of sampling, preserving, separating, and analyzing arsenic species in potentially contaminated waters. Arsenic species are readily transformed in nature by slight changes in conditions. Each species has a different toxicity and mobility. The conventional field sampling method using filters of 0.45 μm in size could overestimate the dissolved arsenic concentrations, as passing suspended particles that can act as a sink or source of arsenic depending on the site condition. For arsenic species in neutral pH and iron-poor waters, the precipitation can be stable for up to 3 days without any treatment, but for longer periods, a preservative, such as phosphoric acid, is required. Also, the analytical procedure must be selected carefully because the levels and hydride generation efficiencies of arsenic in different species can vary, even for the same amount of arsenic. For arsenic speciation in samples that also include organic species, a hybrid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) gave the best resolution and lowest detection limits. However, the procedure using a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge can be used economically and conveniently for analyzing samples containing only inorganic arsenic species, such as groundwater, especially that related to mine activity.     

南方某水厂处理工艺过程中内分泌干扰物的变化规律

对南方某水厂处理工艺过程中内分泌干扰效应进行了研究.将水源水和各处理工艺的出水用固相萃取方法富集后,按不同极性洗脱,得到从非极性到极性3个组分,对总提取物和各分级富集组分分别进行重组基因酵母检测.探讨了该水厂不同处理工艺过程中内分泌干扰物的变化规律.结果表明:水源水中该类污染物浓度最高,相当于0.25 pmol/L雌二醇当量,主要存在于非极性组分(正己烷洗脱组分)中.各处理工艺段水样都存在一定程度的内分泌干扰物效应.经处理后,非极性组分内分泌干扰物效应降低,极性组分内分泌干扰物效应逐渐增加,但总地内分泌干扰物效应逐渐递减,现有工艺对雌激素类物质有较好的去除效果,去除率达到83%.研究表明,重组基因酵母检测技术结合水样的固相萃取、三步纯化分级前处理方法可以快速、有效地筛选和定量分析水样中未知内分泌干扰物及其总体效应.     

炼油厂达标废水中溶解性有机物的表征

采用超滤和凝胶色谱法调查了炼油厂达标废水中溶解性有机物 (DOM)的分子量分布 ,并用树脂吸附和离子交换技术研究了该废水DOM中疏水性酸 (HoA)、碱 (HoB)及中性物 (HoN)和亲水性酸 (HiA)、碱 (HiB)及中性物 (HiN)的比例 ,用气相色谱 质谱法 (GC MS)定性分析了疏水性有机物的组成 .结果表明 ,某炼油厂达标废水的TOC为 12 0 6～ 16 80mg·L-1,其中溶解性有机碳 (DOC)为 10 15～ 14 4 4mg·L-1;分子量 <1k的DOM约为 80 % (以TOC计 ) ;DOM中HiN、HoN、HoA、HiB、HoB及HiA的含量分别为 2 9 7% ,2 6 5 % ,2 1 1% ,13 4 % ,5 1%及 4 2 % .鉴定出的HoN包括脂肪烃、苯系物、含硫化合物及邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物等 ,其中C10和C11脂肪烃、甲基亚硫酰苯及邻苯二甲酸二丁脂化合物的含量相对较高 .根据表征结果提出了回用处理建议.     

喀斯特地区土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学特征

以喀斯特地区二种主要的土壤类型石灰土和黄壤为例,对三种植被类型下土壤及土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C值)进行了分析,结果显示:石灰土剖面中土壤有机碳含量均大于1.0%,最大值为表层土的7.1%,而三个黄壤剖面中土壤有机碳含量在0.3%～4.6%之间;石灰土剖面中土壤有机质δ13C值的变化范围仅为-24.1‰～-23.0‰,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的δ13C值变幅也较小;而黄壤剖面中土壤有机质δ13C值的变化范围较大,在-24.5‰～-21.1‰之间,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的δ13C值变幅也较大。对比研究表明,不同土壤类型中有机质的深度分布特征具有显著差异,土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学具有明显的区域性特征。     

Phytoremediation and long-term site management of soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and heavy metals

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) previously used as a timber treatment chemical to prevent sap stain and wood rot. Commonly used in wood treatment industries for the last 50 years, there are now many sites worldwide that are contaminated with PCP. Although persistent, PCP is a mobile contaminant and therefore has a propensity to leach and contaminate surrounding environments. Both willow (Salix sp., 'Tangoio') and poplar (Populus sp. 'Kawa') growing in an open-ended plastic greenhouse were found to tolerate soil PCP concentrations of 250 mg kg(-1) or less and both species stimulated a significant increase in soil microbial activity when compared to unplanted controls. Both poplar and willow could not survive PCP concentrations above 250 mg kg(-1) in soil. Pentachlorophenol degradation occurred in both planted and unplanted pots, but a higher rate of degradation was observed in the planted pots. Soil contaminated by wood-treatment activities often contains co-contaminants such as B, Cr, Cu and As, that are also used as timber preservatives. An additional column leaching experiment, done along side the potted trial, found that PCP, B, Cr, Cu and As were all present in the column leachate. This indicates that although Cu, Cr and As are generally considered immobile in the soil, they were mobilised under our column conditions. If a contaminated site were to be hydraulically 'sealed' using plants, a reticulation irrigation system should be installed to capture any contaminant leachate resulting from heavy rains. This captured leachate can either be independently treated, or reapplied to the site. Our data demonstrate a reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity with repeated application of leachate containing PCP and metal compounds but the soil did not become anaerobic. This would need to be considered in site remediation design.     

典型南方水强化混凝有机物分级处理研究

采用强化常规工艺,对有效去除水体有机物,降低DBP前驱物进行了系统研究.通过烧杯试验和现场试验(中试和生产性试验)对强化混凝和使用PAM作助凝剂进行了对比;着重利用吸附树脂DAX-8的选择性吸附作用,测定了原水、沉后水的有机物分离分级组成状况.发现强化混凝和助凝强化对亲水性致UV₂₅₄物质有较好地处理效果,去除率可达90%以上;现场条件下强化混凝对疏水碱性物和疏水酸性物有较好的处理能力,相应去除率分别为66%和35%;助凝强化对亲水性有机物效果较好,相应去除率为45%左右;但二者总体去除TOC效果相当.     

不同组织碳、氮元素含量和同位素分馏特征研究—以抚仙湖草鱼、鱇浪白鱼为例

结合抚仙湖浮游植物、水生植物等样品,对野生植食性草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)31个组织和野生肉食性鱇浪白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)17个组织样品碳、氮元素含量和稳定同位素比值(δ13C、δ15N)进行了对比分析.结果显示,鱼类不同组织的碳稳定同位素分馏效应显著,草鱼不同组织...     

Review on remediation technologies for arsenic-contaminated soil

• Recent progress of As-contaminated soil remediation technologies is presented. • Phytoextraction and chemical immobilization are the most widely used methods. • Novel remediation technologies for As-contaminated soil are still urgently needed. • Methods for evaluating soil remediation efficiency are lacking. • Future research directions for As-contaminated soil remediation are proposed. Arsenic (As) is a top human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment. As-contaminated soil exists worldwide and poses a threat on human health through water/food consumption, inhalation, or skin contact. More than 200 million people are exposed to excessive As concentration through direct or indirect exposure to contaminated soil. Therefore, affordable and efficient technologies that control risks caused by excess As in soil must be developed. The presently available methods can be classified as chemical, physical, and biological. Combined utilization of multiple technologies is also common to improve remediation efficiency. This review presents the research progress on different remediation technologies for As-contaminated soil. For chemical methods, common soil washing or immobilization agents were summarized. Physical technologies were mainly discussed from the field scale. Phytoextraction, the most widely used technology for As-contaminated soil in China, was the main focus for bioremediation. Method development for evaluating soil remediation efficiency was also summarized. Further research directions were proposed based on literature analysis.     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACI

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.     

Arsenic speciation in rice consumed in south-western Nigeria,and estimation of dietary intake of arsenic species through rice consumption

This study determined concentrations and speciation of arsenic (As) in rice samples obtained from the cities of Akure, Ore, Ondo and Ikare in Ondo State, south-western Nigeria. The estimated dietary intake of As from rice consumption for total As and the identified As species were compared with the As benchmark dose lower confidence limit. Analyses of rice from the four cities identified three As species: inorganic As, monomethylarsonic, acid and dimethylarsinic acid. Concentrations of total As and the As species differed significantly across the sampling locations (by a factor of 2.5 for total As). Mean levels (±S.D.) were 58.8 ± 0.7 µg/kg total As, 47.0 ± 0.6 µg/kg inorganic As, 0.33 ± 0.03 µg/kg monomethylarsonic acid, and 11.5 ± 0.1 µg/kg dimethylarsinic acid. The estimated mean dietary intakes were 4.1 µg/d total As, 3.3 µg/d inorganic As, 0.02 µg/d monomethylarsonic acid, and 0.8 µg/d dimethylarsinic acid. These values are below the benchmark dose lower confidence limit and comparable to, or lower than, those reported for other countries. Thus, consumption of rice cultivated in south-western Nigeria does not appear to have inherent As-associated health risks.