Carbonation of brine impacted fractionated coal fly ash: implications for CO2 sequestration

Coal combustion by-products such as fly ash (FA), brine and CO(2) from coal fired power plants have the potential to impact negatively on the environment. FA and brine can contaminate the soil, surface and ground water through leaching of toxic elements present in their matrices while CO(2) has been identified as a green house gas that contributes significantly towards the global warming effect. Reaction of CO(2) with FA/brine slurry can potentially provide a viable route for CO(2) sequestration via formation of mineral carbonates. Fractionated FA has varying amounts of CaO which not only increases the brine pH but can also be converted into an environmentally benign calcite. Carbonation efficiency of fractionated and brine impacted FA was investigated in this study. Controlled carbonation reactions were carried out in a reactor set-up to evaluate the effect of fractionation on the carbonation efficiency of FA. Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of fresh and carbonated ash were evaluated using XRF, SEM, and XRD. Brine effluents were characterized using ICP-MS and IC. A factorial experimental approach was employed in testing the variables. The 20-150 μm size fraction was observed to have the highest CO(2) sequestration potential of 71.84 kg of CO(2) per ton of FA while the >150 μm particles had the lowest potential of 36.47 kg of CO(2) per ton of FA. Carbonation using brine resulted in higher degree of calcite formation compared to the ultra-pure water carbonated residues.     

Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonates as a Function of Temperature, Solution Composition, and Presence of a Silicate Mineral Substrate

Abstract Precipitation of carbonate minerals can play important roles in geological carbon sequestration and engineered processes for mineral carbonation. Influences of temperature, solution composition, and the presence of a solid substrate on the nucleation and precipitation of magnesium carbonate minerals were examined in a set of batch experiments. Conditions studied are relevant to full-scale geological carbon sequestration systems. Aqueous phase analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry quantified the extent of precipitation. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify solids. Temperature significantly affected the identity of the solid obtained. At 25°C and 60°C the solids were magnesium carbonate minerals, and at 100°C the solid phase was identified as brucite [Mg(OH)2]. Although magnesite (MgCO3) was predicted to be the most thermodynamically stable magnesium carbonate phase, no magnesite precipitated and instead metastable magnesium carbonate phases formed. Evolution of d...     

两种铁改性生物炭对微碱性砷镉污染土壤的修复效果

改性生物炭作为良好的重金属钝化剂,已被广泛应用于环境修复.为探究不同改性方法对生物炭钝化土壤砷-镉(As-Cd)的影响,采用共沉淀法和浸渍热解法制备铁改性生物炭,通过吸附试验和土壤培养试验,对生物炭性质、吸附As-Cd以及钝化土壤As-Cd的能力进行分析.结果表明,两种改性方法均可提高生物炭铁含量和零电荷点,且共沉淀法制备的铁改性生物炭(FeBC-1)负载的铁矿物主要为Fe₃O₄、 FeO(OH)和γ-Fe₂O₃等,而浸渍热解法制备的铁改性生物炭(FeBC-2)主要为α-Fe₂O₃和γ-Fe₂O₃等铁氧化物.FeBC-1对As和Cd均展现出很强的吸附去除能力,去除率达21.40%～34.14%,可显著促进土壤中非专性吸附态As向残渣态As转化,而FeBC-2仅对As具有较好的吸附效果.BC、 FeBC-1和FeBC-2对Cd的吸附能力与自身的阳离子交换量(CEC)呈正比,其中,BC对Cd的吸附去除效果优于FeBC...     

天然含铁矿物对砷的吸附效果及机制

自然界中丰富的含铁矿物作为天然的铁氧化物,可作为一类修复材料用于砷污染水体和土壤稳定化修复.本文通过吸附-解吸附实验对比研究了天然赤铁矿、天然褐铁矿、天然菱铁矿、天然钛铁矿、天然磁铁矿、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4及铁锰双金属材料(FMBO)对砷的吸附-解吸特性,结合光谱学手段研究其作用机制.吸附实验结果表明,9种含铁材料对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程,表明反应机制主要为单层化学吸附作用.其中,FMBO对As的吸附效率和吸附容量远高于其余材料,天然含铁矿物中褐铁矿对As吸附效果表现最好,对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量分别为3. 96 mg·g-1和2. 99 mg·g-1.光谱学手段表明天然褐铁矿中含有较为丰富的针铁矿等弱结晶态矿物成分,具有相对丰富的砷吸附位点,是一种具有潜在修复能力的天然材料.     

铈锰改性生物炭对土壤As的固定效应

利用高温热解法在600℃下制备铈锰改性生物炭(modified biochar,MBC),以3种基本性质差异较大的砷(As)污染红壤、黄壤和紫色土为研究对象,探讨了MBC的施用对土壤活性As的影响及固定效应.结果表明:改性生物炭(MBC)的施用导致3种土壤中水溶态As含量显著降低,随着施用量的增加,MBC对As的固定效率不断升高,当添加量为1%～10%时,MBC对3种土壤中活性As的固定效率为:红壤70. 59%～94. 72%,黄壤75. 24%～98. 35%,紫色土为76. 53%～99. 61%,在MBC添加量为10%时,其对3种土壤中有效As的固定效率均达到了95%以上,而未改性生物炭的施用则导致土壤As的活化效应明显.比较而言,MBC对3种土壤中有效As的固定效率大小排序为:紫色土黄壤红壤,MBC的施用导致了土壤中活性态As向稳定态转化,发生了由非专性吸附(F1)、专性吸附态(F2)向结晶水合铁铝氧化物结合态(F4)和残渣态(F5) As的转化过程,使得土壤中As的迁移性能降低,根据扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线衍射分析(XRD)的结果,MBC对As的固定作用与生物炭上铈锰氧化物的成功负载有关.因此,MBC对As污染土壤表现出良好的应用修复潜力.     

MRGO-FMBO原位修复砷污染含水层

为了探究磁性氧化石墨烯负载铁锰氧化物复合材料（MRGO-FMBO）修复砷污染地下水的可行性,通过一维模拟柱和二维模拟槽实验探讨了MRGO-FMBO在含水层的迁移和分布情况,分析了材料注入浓度和注入速度对其迁移的影响,研究了MRGO-FMBO在注入模拟地下水含水层后反应带的形成及演化过程.结果表明,MRGO-FMBO在饱和多孔介质中迁移性能良好,在设定的浓度范围（1~8g/L）内,升高注入浓度能减少材料在介质中的残留百分比,增强其迁移性能.当注入速度为0.023~0.057cm/s时,存在一个速度临界值,当注入速度小于此值时,改变速度对MRGO-FMBO在含水层中的迁移性影响显著;当注入速度大于此值时,速度不再是影响迁移的主要因素.MRGO-FMBO在注入地下含水层后能够形成稳定的反应带,反应带在20d内对砷的去除效率达到70.6%,在整个反应带的发展过程中可去除7.79mg As.MRGO-FMBO在砷污染含水层原位修复中具有较好的应用前景.     

四环素和砷对斑马鱼的联合毒性及机制

选取斑马鱼为模式生物,研究TET（四环素）和As（砷）对斑马鱼的联合毒性.结果表明,50μg/L TET和100μg/L As的联合暴露显著增加斑马鱼体内氧化应激（GPx）、炎症因子（TNF-α）和凋亡因子（C-jun）相关基因表达,造成肠道和肝脏组织更严重的损伤.50μg/L TET和100μg/L As联合暴露呈现的协同毒性效应与P-gp基因被抑制介导的As在肠道和肝脏蓄积量[（704.15±24.50） ng/g和（458.35±24.25ng/g）]显著增加有关.此外,发现肠道的通透性及微生物群落结构的变化对TET和As协同毒性无明显影响.     

我国森林碳汇市场综述与展望

在对近几年相关研究文献进行梳理的基础上,试图厘清现阶段我国森林碳汇市场的研究现状,并追溯我国森林碳汇市场研究的发展脉络.主要从构建我国森林碳汇市场的必要性、可行性与意义,森林碳汇储量测量、森林碳汇市场运行模式与运行机制等方面进行评述,并提出进一步研究展望.认为未来研究应在创新整合森林碳汇储量测量方法,从政治、法律、制度、政策、环境与市场机制方面整体考虑提升我国森林碳汇市场的选择路径,从供需视角加强对市场交易主体的微观层面研究等方面突破.     

农户经营杉木林的碳汇供给及其影响因素

基于我国南方集体林区浙江、江西、福建三省202户农户杉木林经营数据,结合已有生长模型,采用生物量转换和扩展因子法, 测算了杉木林生态系统固碳量,并采用修正的Hartman模型,在林地期望价值最大化的决策目标下,估算出了碳汇价格、利率、木材价 格变动对杉木林碳汇供给量的影响.结果表明:①最优轮伐期及碳汇供给量与碳汇价格成正相关,与利率、木材价格成负相关.②在碳汇价格变化情况下,最优轮伐期由大到小依次为,劣等地＞中等地＞优等地,相反,碳汇供给量依次为,优等地＞中等地＞劣等地,劣等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量变动幅度要明显大于中等地和优等地.③利率在7％-8％变动时,优等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均未发生变化;利率在4％-5％变动时,中等地最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均未发生变化;而在1％-8％的变动区间,劣等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均在不断缩短和降低.④当木材价格上升10％或下降10％时,对优等地的最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均未产生影响;对中等地而言,仅当木材价格下降10％时,最优轮伐期和碳汇供给量均发生变动;而对劣等地而言,木材价格上升或下降都对两者产生影响.研究得出如下结论:碳汇价格、利率、木材价格对杉木林经营最优轮伐期及杉木碳汇供给量有重要影响,在碳汇价格、利率、木材价格变化情况下,不同立地条件的碳汇供给价格弹性、利率弹性、木材价格弹性存在显著差异.立地条件通过影响杉木营林成本和产出量,从而对杉木林经营的最优轮伐期及碳汇供给量产生较大影响,立地条件越差的地块对碳汇供给量越敏感,随着碳汇价格逐步上升、利率和木材价格的逐步提高,碳汇供给变化为劣等地大于中等地和优等地,而碳汇供给量为优等地大于中等地和劣等地.     

Evolution of Sustainable Carbon Cycling Processes in China

Abstract

This report summarizes the surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by RCEES. The first part of this report deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historical evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. The second part covers the modeling of carbon dynamics, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.