Time-lapse carbon dioxide monitoring with pulsed neutron logging

Elevated levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere have been linked to the rise in land and sea temperature [Climate Change, 2001. In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), The Scientific Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 944]. To demonstrate geological carbon sequestration as a mitigation technique, a carbon dioxide injection experiment was conducted in East Texas. The target – Frio formation – is a highly porous, permeable and unconsolidated sandstone. The specific interval is the Frio C sand, which originally was saturated with saline formation water. At the injection location, the Frio C sand dips 18° to the south. To monitor the injected CO₂ spreading in the formation, an old well from 1956 drilled into the deeper Yegua formation was selected as the observation well. The injection well was drilled at a distance of 100 ft downdip from the monitoring well. Several borehole measurement methods were available to monitor the CO₂ injection, but the most suitable technology was thought to be the pulsed neutron logging. This logging is used widely in cased hole, and the measured macroscopic thermal absorption cross-section (Σ) is sensitive to CO₂ saturation in high porosity saline water environments. Several log examples are given demonstrating successful the monitoring of the CO₂ plume moving through the two boreholes and the resulting saturation changes.     

阴离子对As(Ⅲ)在砖红壤与TiO2混合体系中的光催化氧化/吸附的影响

以磷酸根和硫酸根为例,采用一次平衡法研究了无机阴离子对As(Ⅲ)在砖红壤中光催化氧化和吸附的影响.实验结果表明,磷酸根和硫酸根的加入均降低了As(Ⅲ)在土壤中的氧化和吸附,磷酸根的影响程度大于硫酸根,而且两者的影响机理不同.磷酸根主要通过表面吸附机制即强烈地吸附在催化剂表面导致催化剂活性降低,以及与氧化产物As(V)竞争土壤颗粒表面吸附位来影响反应活性;而硫酸根则是在光催化氧化过程中通过捕获光生空穴(h+)和羟基自由基(OH.)生成光催化效率较低的SO4-.,从而影响As(Ⅲ)的光催化氧化效率.     

Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: A meta-analysis

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates over 20 years based on the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology were combined with local economic data to determine the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat-based production systems on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The C sequestration potential of rice-wheat systems of India on conversion to no-tillage is estimated to be 44.1 Mt C over 20 years. Implementing no-tillage practices in maize-wheat and cotton-wheat production systems would yield an additional 6.6 Mt C. This offset is equivalent to 9.6% of India's annual greenhouse gas emissions (519 Mt C) from all sectors (excluding land use change and forestry), or less than one percent per annum. The economic analysis was summarized as carbon supply curves expressing the total additional C accumulated over 20 year for a price per tonne of carbon sequestered ranging from zero to USD 200. At a carbon price of USD 25 Mg C⁻¹, 3 Mt C (7% of the soil C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years through the implementation of no-till cropping practices in rice-wheat systems of the Indian States of the IGP, increasing to 7.3 Mt C (17% of the soil C sequestration potential) at USD 50 Mg C⁻¹. Maximum levels of sequestration could be attained with carbon prices approaching USD 200 Mg C⁻¹ for the States of Bihar and Punjab. At this carbon price, a total of 34.7 Mt C (79% of the estimated C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years across the rice-wheat region of India, with Uttar Pradesh contributing 13.9 Mt C.     

δ-MnO_2降低无机三价砷毒性的研究

文章利用自制的δ-MnO2对剧毒性无机A(sⅢ)进行了氧化吸附过程的实验室研究,考察了反应进程中各形态砷的变化,同时进一步对与高浓度A(sⅢ)反应前后δ-MnO2的结构和形貌进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和拉曼光谱(Raman)鉴定。实验结果表明,δ-MnO2通过氧化和吸附作用对A(sⅢ)的毒性去除效果显著,60 min内溶液中A(sⅢ)消失了72.3%。形态学研究表明,反应前后δ-MnO2的XRD图没有明显变化;而SEM图显示,反应后δ-MnO2的蜂窝状结构其固体孔隙比反应之前明显变小;EDX的数据显示δ-MnO2固体中出现了一定含量的As元素;δ-MnO2反应前后Raman光谱的吸收强峰由649 cm-1处变化到865 cm-1处,也表明出现了一部分可以永久固定在δ-MnO2固体内的A(sV)。该研究认为,δ-MnO2具有较强氧化和吸附活性,可以大大降低三价无机砷的毒性。     

林业碳汇项目基准线和监测方法学及应用分析——以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例

气候变化给全球社会经济发展带来了重大影响,林业碳汇在适应和减缓气候变化、促进可持续发展三方面的重要作用日益被世界各国所认可。林业碳汇项目实施的难点在于准确掌握林业碳汇项目设计的规则、标准体系,重点在于基准线判别、碳汇计量、监测的方法学和工具。本文系统介绍了国际清洁发展机制造林再造林(CDM A/R)项目方法学和国内碳汇造林项目方法学、标准体系等最新成果,并以贵州省贞丰县林业碳汇项目为例,分析了基准线和监测方法学在林业碳汇项目开发设计中的实际应用。     

磁性壳聚糖微球吸附水中As(Ⅲ)的实验研究

文章主要考察实验室制得的乙二胺改性磁性壳聚糖微球对毒性高,迁移能力强的A(sⅢ)去除效果。通过单因素实验研究了pH值、吸附时间、A(sⅢ)溶液初始浓度和吸附剂投加量对磁性壳聚糖微球吸附除A(sⅢ)效果的影响。实验结果表明在pH值为2,吸附时间为90 min,磁性壳聚糖微球投加量为0.4 g时,对初始浓度为10 mg/L,体积为100 mL的A(sⅢ)溶液去除率达到96.96%,吸附后溶液中A(sⅢ)浓度仅为0.304 mg/L,低于我国污水综合排放标准中砷含量标准值。磁性壳聚糖微球的解吸实验表明,吸附剂解吸4次后,对A(sⅢ)的去除率仍达到95%以上,吸附性能稳定,具有较好的可重复利用性。因此,磁性壳聚糖微球是一种去除低浓度含砷废水非常有效的材料。     

黄浦江表层沉积物中吸附态As(V)的释放研究

通过实验室模拟释放实验,研究了黄浦江表层沉积物对吸附态A(sV)的释放规律。结果表明,在静置条件下,淀峰和吴淞口处沉积物中A(sV)的释放量随时间的增加逐渐增大,在第1～16天时A(sV)释放量分别由3.33μg/L和6.73μg/L达到12.54μg/L和15.34μg/L,然后渐渐趋于稳定;扰动条件有利于A(sV)的释放,As(V)的释放量随扰动档速的提高急剧上升;在5～45℃温度试验范围,温度升高有利于A(sV)的释放;在pH由2～11范围内,A(sV)的释放量随pH的变化呈现"V"字形变化,在pH 5附近A(sV)释放最低,淀峰和吴淞口处分别为8.78μg/L和10.54μg/L;PO43-和HCO3-对A(sV)的释放影响明显,A(sV)释放量随溶液中PO43-和HCO3-浓度的增大而增大。     

地质封存中CO2溶解度的测量与模型研究进展

近年来CO<,2>引起的温室效应受到了越来越多的重视,将CO<,2>注入地下咸水层是CO<,2>减排的选择之一.通过准确测量CO<,2>在地下咸水中的溶解度,可以估算出CO<,2>的地质存储量.文章对CO<,2>在纯水和盐水溶解度的测量方法以及热力学模型进行了综述,并根据前人实验数据总结得出CO<,2>在纯水、NaCl...     

干湿交替对铈锰改性生物炭固定红壤As的影响

以砷(As)污染红壤为研究对象,通过静态培养试验,探讨了铈锰改性生物炭(cerium-manganese modified biochar,MBC)在干湿交替老化条件下对红壤中As的固定效应.结果表明,与常规培养比较,干湿交替条件下MBC的施用显著降低了红壤中水溶态As(WSAs)含量(P＜0.05)和pH值,且随着材料用量的增加和培养时间的延长而持续降低,试验结束时,土壤pH值比常规条件下降低了 0.08～0.16个单位.与此同时,干湿交替条件下添加MBC后的土壤WSAs显著下降,当培养至30 d时,WSAs相比于常规培养降低了 38.73％～51.94％,比试验初期降低了 45.64％～56.19％,未添加MBC的处理在两种培养模式下土壤WSAs含量和pH值均显著升高(P＜0.05),其中以干湿交替处理更为明显.从红壤中As赋存形态看,当培养试验结束时,相比于常规培养而言,干湿交替模式下MBC的施用使土壤中非专性吸附态As(Fl)降低了 33.16％～36.00％,专性吸附态As(F2)降低了 7.67％～11.99％,残渣态As(F5)增加了 15.43％～42.45％,且土壤As的迁移系数M亦显著低于常规培养(P＜0.05),降幅为9.02％～12.75％;而未添加MBC的处理土壤As活化明显,且以干湿交替条件下更甚.整体上看,干湿交替水分管理有利于MBC对红壤中As的固定,MBC修复As污染红壤具有良好的稳定性和应用潜力.     

天然含铁矿物对砷的吸附效果及机制

自然界中丰富的含铁矿物作为天然的铁氧化物,可作为一类修复材料用于砷污染水体和土壤稳定化修复.本文通过吸附-解吸附实验对比研究了天然赤铁矿、天然褐铁矿、天然菱铁矿、天然钛铁矿、天然磁铁矿、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4及铁锰双金属材料(FMBO)对砷的吸附-解吸特性,结合光谱学手段研究其作用机制.吸附实验结果表明,9种含铁材料对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir方程,表明反应机制主要为单层化学吸附作用.其中,FMBO对As的吸附效率和吸附容量远高于其余材料,天然含铁矿物中褐铁矿对As吸附效果表现最好,对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量分别为3. 96 mg·g-1和2. 99 mg·g-1.光谱学手段表明天然褐铁矿中含有较为丰富的针铁矿等弱结晶态矿物成分,具有相对丰富的砷吸附位点,是一种具有潜在修复能力的天然材料.