Soil management practices for sustainable agro-ecosystems

A doubling of the global food demand projected for the next 50 years poses a huge challenge for the sustainability of both food production and global and local environments. Today’s agricultural technologies may be increasing productivity to meet world food demand, but they may also be threatening agricultural ecosystems. For the global environment, agricultural systems provide both sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). This paper addresses the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) for agro-ecosystems and GHG uptake and emission in agriculture, especially SOC changes associated with soil management. Soil management strategies have great potential to contribute to carbon sequestration, since the carbon sink capacity of the world’s agricultural and degraded soil is 50–66% of the historic carbon loss of 42–72 Pg (1 Pg=10¹⁵ g), although the actual carbon storage in cultivated soil may be smaller if climate changes lead to increasing mineralization. The importance of SOC in agricultural soil is, however, not controversial, as SOC helps to sustain soil fertility and conserve soil and water quality, and organic carbon compounds play a variety of roles in the nutrient, water, and biological cycles. No-tillage practices, cover crop management, and manure application are recommended to enhance SOC storage and to contribute to sustainable food production, which also improves soil quality. SOC sequestration could be increased at the expense of increasing the amount of non-CO₂ GHG emissions; however, soil testing, synchronized fertilization techniques, and optimum water control for flooding paddy fields, among other things, can reduce these emissions. Since increasing SOC may also be able to mitigate some local environmental problems, it will be necessary to have integrated soil management practices that are compatible with increasing SOM management and controlling soil residual nutrients. Cover crops would be a critical tool for sustainable soil management because they can scavenge soil residual nitrogen and their ecological functions can be utilized to establish an optimal nitrogen cycle. In addition to developing soil management strategies for sustainable agro-ecosystems, some political and social approaches will be needed, based on a common understanding that soil and agro-ecosystems are essential for a sustainable society.     

Evaluation of carbon stock variation in Northern Italian soils over the last 70 years

Carbon (C) sequestration in soils is gaining increasing acceptance as a means of reducing net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions to the atmosphere. Numerous studies on the global carbon budget suggest that terrestrial ecosystems in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere act as a large carbon sink of atmospheric CO₂. However, most of the soils of North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Eastern Europe lost a great part of their organic carbon pool on conversion from natural to agricultural ecosystems during the explosion of pioneer agriculture, and in Western Europe the adoption of modern agriculture after the Second World War led to a drastic reduction in soil organic carbon content. The depletion of organic matter is often indicated as one of the main effects on soil, and the storage of organic carbon in the soil is a means of improve the quality of soils and mitigating the effects of greenhouse gas emission. The soil organic carbon in an area of Northern Italy over the last 70 years has been assessed In this study. The variation of top soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from −60.3 to +6.7%; the average reduction of SOC, caused by agriculture intensification, was 39.3%. This process was not uniform, but related to trends in land use and agriculture change. For the area studied (1,394 km²) there was an estimated release of 5 Tg CO₂-C to the atmosphere from the upper 30 cm of soil in the period 1935–1990.     

As污染区农民头发中As含量与环境中As含量的关系

为研究As污染区农民头发中As含量与环境中As含量的关系,采用分层整群随机抽样方式,抽取湖北省气型和污灌型As污染区6个村农民头发样660份,同时采集这6个村的饮用水、土壤、食物(大米、小麦、蔬菜、鸡蛋、鸡肉、猪肉)样品,用原子荧光光谱法测定As含量.研究结果表明,两种类型As污染区农民头发中As含量污染区明显高于对照区,农民头发中As含量有随着区域土壤和食品中As含量增高而相应增高的趋势.对不同年龄组研究表明,高龄组头发中砷含量最高,反映出人体慢性暴露As蓄积的现象,而污染区人群男女头发中As含量差异不显著.人发中As含量与饮水中As含量无显著相关性,而与土壤和主要食物(大米、小麦)中As含量有显著正相关.因此人发中As含量作为人体长期暴露生物标记物,可以反映区域环境污染的程度.     

稳定化处理砷污染土壤对3种修复植物的生态效应

为探索某矿区高浓度砷污染土壤的污染控制与生态修复,以粉煤灰、干化污泥、粉碎花生壳、硫酸亚铁（Fe₂SO₄）和磷酸二氢钾（KH₂PO₄）为稳定剂,采用其不同组合对矿区土壤进行稳定化处理,以蜈蚣草、香根草、苎麻为供试植物,研究稳定化处理对土壤中As的形态转化及其对修复植物的生态效应.结果表明,添加不同稳定剂组合处理后,土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量显著增加,增幅分别为：24.4%~29.0%、23.3%~41.1%、17.8%~45.0%;10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% Fe₂SO₄组合处理对土壤中的As稳定化作用最佳,可交换态As和碳酸盐结合态As含量下降最显著,降幅分别为62.3%、55.3%;添加KH₂PO₄会活化土壤中As,10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% KH₂PO₄组合处理,土壤中可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As含量显著增加,增幅分别为26.9%、101.9%.不同稳定剂的组合处理能不同程度的提高3种植物生物量、影响As在植物中的富集、增加植物对As的累积量.3种植物生物量的大小表现为苎麻 > 蜈蚣草 > 香根草.粉煤灰、干化污泥和粉碎花生壳组合处理使蜈蚣草和苎麻地上部分生物量干重增加最显著;粉煤灰、干化污泥、粉碎花生壳、Fe₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄组合处理使香根草地上部分生物量干重增加最显著.10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% Fe₂SO₄组合处理使蜈蚣草、香根草和苎麻地上部分As含量下降最显著,降幅分别为45.5%、29.5%和53.9%;而10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1% KH₂PO₄的组合处理使蜈蚣草、香根草和苎麻地上部分As含量显著增加,增幅分别为：12.8%、25.2%和62.7%.粉煤灰、干化污泥、粉碎花生壳、Fe₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄组合处理使蜈蚣草、香根草和苎麻地上部分对As的累积量都达到最大值,与对照相比,分别增加了3.7倍,12.8倍和3.3倍.3种植物对As的富集能力和累积量表现为蜈蚣草 > 香根草 > 苎麻.     

西江流域土壤砷含量空间变异与污染评价

以广西西江流域为研究区域,采集表层土壤2 585个,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究流域内土壤As含量空间变异规律与污染分布.结果表明:西江流域表层土壤As含量为23.82 mg·kg~(-1),高于广西土壤背景值及西江流域自然土壤As含量值,上游(刁江、环江流域)As含量(30.22 mg·kg~(-1))显著高于流域其他区域.土壤As含量:矿区土壤旱地土壤自然土壤水田土壤,矿区土壤As含量显著高于其他类型.As含量高值聚类区集中于刁江流域中上游及大环江流域中下游,南丹北部远离矿区的六寨镇及大、小环江流域上游形成明显的低值聚类区.流域土壤As有明显的空间自相关性,以结构性变异为主,上游As含量由西北向东南递减,流域特征明显,高As含量区沿刁江流域自然分布,流域中下游土壤As含量基本处于0.44~40 mg·kg~(-1)之间;流域土壤样本As总体介于无污染-轻度污染之间,污染在金城江区及南丹县的分布较为突出,这与当地频繁的矿业活动关系密切,建议采取治理措施并加强雨季尾矿库安全排查力度,以保障当地居民的生产与生活质量.     

针铁矿改性生物炭对砷吸附性能

为了提高生物炭(BC)对砷的吸附能力,本研究选取小麦秸秆作为原料,采用共沉淀方法制备了针铁矿(Goethite)改性生物炭材料(Goethite@BC).比较了BC、Goethite和Goethite@BC对As(Ⅲ)的吸附特性,同时使用SEM-EDS、BET、FT-IR、XRD和XPS等技术对改性吸附剂的理化性质和吸附机制进行表征.结果表明,扫描电子显微镜分析显示有纳米级针铁矿附着在生物炭表面,可有效提高生物炭的比表面积和总孔容; 3种吸附剂对As(Ⅲ)的吸附符合伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,Goethite@BC对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量为65. 20 mg·g~(-1),与BC相比吸附量提高了62. 10倍. Goethite@BC吸附机制包括非特异性吸附(静电引力)和特异性吸附(配位、络合、离子交换等),纳米针铁矿颗粒在Goethite@BC表面对污染物的吸附起到重要作用. Goethite@BC在污染物修复领域具有很好地应用前景.     

开封周边地区地表灰尘砷、汞背景值及其应用

在开封市周边地区采集96个地表灰尘样品和49个表土样品,用冷原子荧光法测定样品As、Hg含量,计算灰尘和土壤As、Hg背景值,并以开封城市地表灰尘为例,用地积累指数法(Igeo)和污染负荷指数法(PLI)分别开展基于灰尘和土壤背景值的污染评价.结果表明,开封市附近地区地表灰尘As、Hg背景值分别为8.04 mg·kg-1和22.37μg·kg-1,低于其土壤背景值,也低于我国潮土背景值.同一地区灰尘As、Hg背景值小于土壤,这主要与灰尘和土壤的有机质含量、颗粒大小、农业生产活动有关.基于灰尘背景值的开封城市地表灰尘As、Hg的Igeo和PLI,都大于基于我国潮土背景值的Igeo和PLI.因此,多数学者应用我国潮土背景值开展灰尘污染评价,其污染程度实质上被低估了.     

组配改良剂对稻田系统Pb、Cd和As生物有效性的协同调控

通过水稻盆栽种植试验,研究了两种组配改良剂LST(石灰石+海泡石+二氧化钛)和LSF(石灰石+海泡石+硫酸铁)在不同添加量(0、1、2、4、8、16 g·kg-1)下对水稻土壤Pb、Cd和As的生物有效性以及水稻吸收累积Pb、Cd和As的影响.结果表明:1与对照相比,组配改良剂LST和LSF均使土壤p H值上升,且与对照之间均存在显著差异(P0.05);两种组配改良剂相比,LST比LSF使土壤p H值上升得更多.2施用1~16 g·kg-1的LST和LSF使土壤中Pb、Cd和As的交换态含量分别降低16.8%~88.3%、22.4%~73.7%、2.25%~43.8%和20.2%~86.9%、20.7%~51.2%、18.0%~55.1%,均与对照之间存在显著差异.LST和LSF均能显著降低水稻植株对Pb、Cd和As的吸收.当LST和LSF施加量为16 g·kg-1时,糙米中Pb、Cd和As的含量最高分别降低了50.7%、64.7%、34.1%和40.7%、40.7%、36.2%.3水稻各部位对Pb和As的转运能力为谷壳茎叶根系,对Cd的转运能力为谷壳根系茎叶,水稻中谷壳向糙米转运Pb、Cd和As的能力为CdAsPb.4施加LST和LSF后,水稻糙米中Pb、Cd和As含量与土壤Pb、Cd和As交换态含量之间存在极显著的正相关关系,与土壤p H值之间存在显著的负相关关系.     

不同热解温度的生物炭在土壤中的矿化作用研究

为探究不同热解温度的生物炭不同组分(易降解和相对难降解碳)对其在土壤中矿化作用的影响及机理,将生物质甘蔗渣和在300、500、800℃下热解生成的生物炭(分别表示为BC300、BC500、BC800)通过水洗法剥离出碳骨架部分,然后加入含有定量土壤菌悬液的石英砂中,设置了50 d的控温培养实验并测定培养过程中不同处理样品的矿化速率.结果表明,随着热解温度从300℃升高至800℃,生物炭的易降解碳含量降低,平均停留时间从2 d增加到38 d,相对难降解碳平均停留时间从14年增加到700多年.环境温度为25℃时,碳骨架中由于缺少微生物可利用的溶解性有机碳,所以在土壤中稳定性强.环境温度升高至35℃时,温度升高提高了微生物活性,增加了碳骨架的微生物可利用部分.800℃热解生成的生物炭(BC800)及其碳骨架(W800)的累积矿化量比空白低,且即使温度升高,W800的相对难降解碳含量仍然保持最高,表明高温生物炭具有更好的固碳效果.     

松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力研究

农田土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力是陆地碳循环和全球气候变化研究中的一个重要问题。论文基于第二次土壤普查数据和实地取样数据,利用土壤类型法估算松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量,分析4个县市(德惠市、九台市、农安县、公主岭市)农田表层土壤碳库的饱和水平和固碳潜力,比较旱田与水田土壤固碳潜力的差异。结果表明,1980-2005年间,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳储量增加了7.20 TgC。各县市农田土壤碳库的饱和水平以德惠市最大,为4.11 kgC·m^-2,九台市次之,公主岭市最低,为3.14 kgC·m^-2。假设在1980年土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,估算得到松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤的固碳潜力为8.17 TgC。从单位面积固碳潜力看,九台市最高,为0.77 kgC·m^-2,农安县次之,德惠市和公主岭市均低于松嫩平原玉米带。松嫩平原玉米带旱田和水田土壤碳库的饱和水平基本持平。