黑河中游边缘绿洲农田退耕还草的土壤碳、氮固存效应

研究黑河中游边缘绿洲农田退耕种植苜蓿5a后土壤碳、氮库的变化,通过对2个土类(开垦耕种的风沙土和灰棕漠土)退耕苜蓿地和相邻农田0～5、5～10和10～20cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)、颗粒有机碳和氮(POC、PON)储量的分析表明:开垦耕种的风沙土和灰棕漠土有极低的SOC和TN含量,退耕种植苜蓿后0～20cm SOC储量提高了22.1%～27.8%,SOC的固存率平均为0.47 Mg/(hm²·a),0～5cm表层SOC储量变化最大,提高32%～66%;TN储量0～20cm储量变化不显著,在0～5cm表层TN储量风沙土和灰棕漠土分别提高12.8%和48.1%.退耕后POC和PON较SOC和TN有更显著的变化,其分配比例增加,0～20cm土层POC和PON储量分别提高22.8%～42.7%和18.6%～57.6%,在0～5cm变化最大;在瘠薄耕地转变为多年生苜蓿地后土壤C库的增加主要是由于POC的形成量增加.SOC含量相对更低的灰棕漠土比风沙土退耕后土壤C、N的增加更为明显.     

锑矿周边稻田土壤垂直剖面锑砷形态与细菌群落结构分布及相互关系

为了解稻田土壤微生物对锑(Sb)和砷(As)污染的长期适应机制,本文以贵州省独山半坡锑矿和某锑矿冶炼厂周边稻田土壤为研究对象.采用野外布点和室内分析的方法,利用Illumina高通量测序技术对稻田垂直剖面土壤细菌16S rRNA V3～V4可变区进行测序,分析了土壤微生物的α多样性、物种丰度差异和组成情况,探讨了不同形态Sb和As在tc1(水耕熟化层)、tc2(渗育层)、tc3(犁底层)和tc4(水耕淀积层)的地球化学行为及其对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,研究区Sb和As的来源不同,Sb主要来源于大气沉降和人工投放,As则来源于成土母岩.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为各土层的主要优势菌门,具体表现为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是tc1和tc2的优势菌门,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是tc3和tc4的优势菌门.土壤剖面各土层多样性指数均在tc1达到最大值,在tc3达到最小值且差异不显著.相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(V)、TS和Fe(II)为影响多样性指数的主要因子.LEfSe分析表明,各土层差异指示种在不同分类水平上各不相同且tc1的数量高于tc2、tc3和tc4.如在门水平,tc1的差异指示种为疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),tc3为热袍菌门(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae);在纲水平,tc1为α-变形菌纲(α-proteobacteria),tc2为β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacteria),tc3为热袍菌纲(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌纲(Nitrospirae).RDA分析和相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(III)、Sb(V)、总Sb和pH等对细菌门分类水平具有重要影响.共生网络分析进一步表明,Sb(III)和As(V)虽然对群落结构影响相对较小,但与特征性微生物却存在显著相关性,如Sb(III)与Defluviicoccus属显著相关,而As(V)对β-变形菌纲影响较为显著.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

Different effects of foliar application of silica sol on arsenic translocation in rice under low and high arsenite stress

Foliar application of Si can generally reduce As translocation from roots to shoots in rice; however, it does not always work, particularly under high As stress. Here, the effects of foliar application of nanoscale silica sol on As accumulation in rice were investigated under low (2 μmol/L) and high (8 μmol/L) arsenite stress. The results revealed that foliar Si application significantly decreased the As concentration in shoots under low arsenite stress, but showed different effects under high arsenite stress after 7 days of incubation. The reduction in root-to-shoot As translocation under the 2As+Si treatment was related to the down-regulation of OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 expression and up-regulation of OsABCC1 expression in roots. In the 8As+Si treatment, the expressions of OsLsi1, OsLsi2, and OsABCC1 were significantly promoted, which resulted in substantially higher As accumulation in both the roots and shoots. In the roots, As predominantly accumulated in the symplasts (90.6%–98.3%), in which the majority of As was sequestered in vacuoles (79.0%–94.0%) under both levels of arsenite stress. Compared with that of the 8As treatment, the 8As+Si treatment significantly increased the As concentration in cell walls, but showed no difference in the vacuolar As concentration, which remained constant at approximately 69.1–71.7 mg/kg during days 4–7. It appeared that the capacity of root cells to sequester As in the vacuoles had a threshold, and the excess As tended to accumulate in the cell walls and transfer to the shoots via apoplasts under high arsenite stress. This study provides a better understanding of the different effects of foliar Si application on As accumulation in rice from the view of arsenite-related gene expression and As subcellular distribution in roots.     

持续放牧和围封对科尔沁退化沙地草地碳截存的影响

研究了科尔沁退化沙地草地持续放牧和围封恢复下土壤-植物系统的碳(C)贮存,以揭示草地管理对C动态的影响.结果表明,0～15cm土壤OC和植物系统贮存的C(包括初级生产固定的C,立枯和地表凋落物C和根系C)贮量大小为:围封10年草地(584g·m^-2和309 g·m^-2)＞围封5年草地(524g·m^-2和146g·m^-2)＞持续放牧草地(493g·m^-2和95 g·m^-2).在围封10年,围封5年和持续放牧草地中,0～15cm土壤贮存C分别占各自土壤-植物系统C的65.3%,78.2%和83.9%.在风蚀严重的科尔沁沙地,持续放牧对植被,土壤及其周围环境有极严重的恶化作用.采取围封恢复措施后,植被恢复和凋落物积累使土壤免遭风蚀,也显著增加了土壤有机质的输入,因而显著作用于大气C的截存.但排除家畜放牧的长期围封使植物C向土壤C的再循环受到限制,截存的大部分C以凋落物的形式积存在土壤表面,需进一步深入研究围封的时间尺度.研究结果表明,退化沙地草地在采取有效的保护措施后,可以由C源变为C汇.     

我国典型露地蔬菜生产中的温室气体排放

基于国家农业统计数据,以露地番茄、黄瓜、大白菜和萝卜为研究对象,应用生命周期评价(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法,定量化我国4种典型露地蔬菜生产中的净温室气体排放(net greenhouse gas emission,NGHGE),并比较蔬菜种类间、省域间净温室气体排放差异和分析减排措施.结果表明:我国典型露地蔬菜生产系统温室气体排放量远高于其带来的碳固定量,是净温室气体排放系统,生产单位面积露地番茄、黄瓜、大白菜和萝卜净温室气体排放(以CO_2-eq计)分别为4 149、 3 718、 3 780和2 427 kg·hm~(-2),不同种类露地蔬菜净温室气体排放差异大;我国典型露地蔬菜净温室气体排放空间差异大,其中,海南、云南、陕西和山东等省份番茄、黄瓜、大白菜和萝卜净温室气体排放高;肥料生产运输和施用是露地蔬菜温室气体排放的主要贡献因子,贡献率为86.8%～90.8%,因此改善肥料生产工艺降低肥料生产运输过程中的温室气体排放和根据露地蔬菜种类及种植地区优化肥料施用量是实现我国露地蔬菜可持续发展的重要措施.     

The consequences of failure should be considered in siting geologic carbon sequestration projects

Geologic carbon sequestration is the injection of anthropogenic CO₂ into deep geologic formations where the CO₂ is intended to remain indefinitely. If successfully implemented, geologic carbon sequestration will have little or no impact on terrestrial ecosystems aside from the mitigation of climate change. However, failure of a geologic carbon sequestration site, such as large-scale leakage of CO₂ into a potable groundwater aquifer, could cause impacts that would require costly remediation measures. Governments are attempting to develop regulations for permitting geologic carbon sequestration sites to ensure their safety and effectiveness. At present, these regulations focus largely on decreasing the probability of failure. In this paper we propose that regulations for the siting of early geologic carbon sequestration projects should emphasize limiting the consequences of failure because consequences are easier to quantify than failure probability.     

不同部位玉米秸秆对两种质地黑土CO2排放和微生物量的影响

秸秆还田后作物残体的分解是农田生态系统碳循环及养分周转平衡的一个至关重要环节.为了探索秸秆化学性质和土壤质地对黑土区土壤CO2排放和微生物量的影响,本文通过室内恒温培养实验研究了添加不同植株部位玉米秸秆(根、茎下部、茎顶部、叶)进入黑土区两种质地土壤(砂壤土和黏壤土)后的CO2排放、微生物量,并分析了它们与秸秆C/N、木质素含量的关系.结果表明,添加不同部位秸秆一致增加土壤CO2排放量,激发效应值介于216.53~335.17μmol·g-1,黏壤土大于砂壤土.激发效应值与木质素/N之间的线性回归关系明显好于激发效应与木质素含量、C/N、含氮量之间的线性关系.添加秸秆增加MBC和MBN含量,降低MBC/MBN,微生物群落氮固持的速率高于碳固持.添加秸秆后,砂壤土微生物量增加的幅度大于黏壤土,总溶解性氮含量小于黏壤土.结果说明,秸秆的木质素和氮含量均会对它的分解和CO2排放产生影响,木质素/N比木质素含量、C/N等更好地说明秸秆分解和CO2排放的差异;与黏壤土相比,在砂壤土中实施秸秆还田可以取得更好的土壤碳固存、微生物量和氮素保持效果.     

原始及铁改性生物质炭对污染土壤中As、Pb生物有效性和微生物群落结构的影响

为探讨原始和铁改性生物质炭对污染土壤中砷（As）和铅（Pb）生物有效性和土壤微生物群落结构的影响,利用As-Pb复合污染水稻土进行水稻盆栽试验,分别在土壤中施加3%（质量分数）的原始法国梧桐枝条炭（法桐炭）、铁改性法国梧桐枝条炭（Fe-法桐炭）、原始猪炭（猪炭）、铁改性猪炭（Fe-猪炭）.试验结束后测定土壤pH、有机碳等理化性质、土壤养分有效性、土壤有效态As和Pb、稻谷中As和Pb的含量及土壤微生物群落结构等指标.结果表明,与对照相比,施用Fe-法桐炭对土壤中As的钝化效果较好,降幅为39%;施用猪炭对土壤中Pb的钝化效果较好,降幅为19%;Fe-法桐炭的施用使稻谷中As含量降低了80%.施用两种原始生物质炭后,土壤中的微生物群落多样性指数（Chao1、Shannon）和OTUs总数均显著）增加（p<0.05）,但相较于原始生物质炭,施用铁改性生物质炭均提高了土壤中优势菌群的相对丰度,且两种铁改性生物质炭处理土壤中的优势菌属为Actinobacteria_unclassified、Gaiellales_unclassified和Nocardioides.冗余分析表明,土壤中微生物群落组成与土壤pH和有效态As关系密切.因此,施用生物质炭可以通过改变土壤pH和降低As胁迫等性质影响土壤微生物群落结构.综上所述,经过铁改性处理的法桐炭更适用于As污染土壤修复,而原始猪炭是一种比较理想的Pb污染土壤修复材料.     

中国农田生态系统土壤碳库的饱和水平及其固碳潜力

在利用反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型估算中国分县农田土壤碳库及其变化量的基础上,分析中国分省农田土壤碳库的饱和水平,估算各省市自治区农田土壤的固碳潜力,比较旱田与水田固碳能力的差异。结果表明:笔者所得到的中国农田土壤碳库的饱和水平可代表在1990年的土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下农田土壤经过耕种后所能达到的碳含量的平衡值,为农田选择土地利用方式、耕作栽培措施和施肥方式以固定更多的碳素提供依据。在分布上,中国农田土壤碳库的饱和水平以华北地区较低,以华北地区为中心向外呈辐射状递增。在1990年的土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,中国农田土壤的固碳潜力为-0.969 Pg。从单位面积的固碳潜力看,以西藏自治区最高,黑龙江省最低;从分布看,从南向北有逐渐递减的趋势。中国水田比旱田有更大的固碳能力。