灰化-火焰原子吸收法测定人发中的金属元素

讨论了人发中元素测定的前处理条件，并采用灰化－火焰原子吸收法测定了人发中锌，铜，铁，钙和镁５种金属元素的含量。     

鞍山市电厂燃煤锅炉灰渣的资源化利用途径

在简要介绍机电厂产生灰渣的机理、旋风锅炉除尘固硫工艺流程以及国内锅炉灰渣的利用现状的基础上，以鞍山热电新材股份有限公司灰渣利用现状为例介绍河分析了燃煤锅炉灰渣的资源化利用情况。按该厂炉渣产生量3．5t/a估算循环利用年均获利可达62．5万元，其经济效益显著。     

垃圾焚烧炉残渣处理技术探讨

简要介绍了垃圾焚烧残渣的处理技术,并就其原理、优缺点、应用现状进行了讨论,最后指出了该领域的发展方 向。     

Trace element partitioning in ashes from boilers firing pure wood or mixtures of solid waste with respect to fuel composition,chlorine content and temperature

Trace element partitioning in solid waste (household waste, industrial waste, waste wood chips and waste mixtures) incineration residues was investigated. Samples of fly ash and bottom ash were collected from six incineration facilities across Sweden including two grate fired and four fluidized bed incinerators, to have a variation in the input fuel composition (from pure biofuel to mixture of waste) and different temperature boiler conditions. As trace element concentrations in the input waste at the same facilities have already been analyzed, the present study focuses on the concentration of trace elements in the waste fuel, their distribution in the incineration residues with respect to chlorine content of waste and combustion temperature.Results indicate that Zn, Cu and Pb are dominating trace elements in the waste fuel. Highly volatile elements mercury and cadmium are mainly found in fly ash in all cases; 2/3 of lead also end up in fly ash while Zn, As and Sb show a large variation in distribution with most of them residing in the fly ash. Lithophilic elements such as copper and chromium are mainly found in bottom ash from grate fired facilities while partition mostly into fly ash from fluidized bed incinerators, especially for plants fuelled by waste wood or ordinary wood chips. There is no specific correlation between input concentration of an element in the waste fuel and fraction partitioned to fly ash. Temperature and chlorine content have significant effects on partitioning characteristics by increasing the formation and vaporization of highly volatile metal chlorides. Zinc and cadmium concentrations in fly ash increase with the incineration temperature.     

The behavior of PCDD and PCDF during thermal treatment of waste incineration ash

The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) content of three fly ash samples with different elemental compositions from different municipal waste incinerators were analyzed before and after thermal treatment at 300 °C or 500 °C. Gas phase emissions during the treatments were also collected and analyzed. Substantial reductions in the total PCCD/F content of the ashes were observed after treatment at 500 °C, seemingly due to degradation rather than dechlorination. Treatment at 300 °C resulted in an increase in the PCDD/F content of the three ashes. Initial concentration of PCDD/F in the untreated ashes did not reflect the outcome of the treatment at the different temperatures. In addition, the composition of the ash was found to influence the rate of decomposition and formation of PCDD and PCDF during thermal treatment; the results showed that Cu, Fe, Ca and S play important roles in these processes.     

Zinc distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge

Sewage sludge (SS) can be applied to cropland to supply and recycle nutrients and organic carbon. Potentially toxic elements in the sludge, however, are of environmental concern. This study evaluates the changes in chemical speciation of Zn in three representative pristine soils of the Pampas Region, Argentina, measured with sequential extraction over a one-year period. Pure SS or SS containing 30% (DM) of its own incineration ash (AS) was applied to the soils at an application rate of 150Mgha(-1). Zn was sequentially fractionated into exchangeable, organically bound, inorganic and residual fractions. The application of the SS and AS amendments significantly increased Zn concentration in all soil fractions at each sampling date. At day 1, Zn was mainly found in the residual fraction. A year after the application of the amendments, redistribution towards the inorganic fraction was observed (41-76% of total Zn content). Zn found in exchangeable and inorganic fractions depended on soil pH rather than on the type of soil used. A negative and significant correlation was found between exchangeable Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.94), and a positive and significant correlation between inorganic Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.92). For each amended soil and sampling date, no significant differences were observed between SS or AS treatments for the exchangeable fraction. Moreover, the use of AS did not cause significant differences in Zn concentration in the other soil fractions compared to SS. Based on these results, land spreading of AS may be similar to SS diaposal in terms of Zn mobility.     

Reuse of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) to produce ceramic materials

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is a residue resulting from the burning of bagasse in boilers in the sugarcane/alcohol industry. SCBA has a very high silica concentration and contains aluminum, iron, alkalis and alkaline earth oxides in smaller amounts. In this work, the properties of sintered ceramic bodies were evaluated based on the concentration of SCBA, which replaced non-plastic material. The ash was mixed (up to 60 wt%) with a clayed raw material that is used to produce roof tiles. Prismatic probes were pressed and sintered at different temperatures (up to 1200 °C). Technological tests of ceramic probes showed that the addition of ash has little influence on the ceramic properties up to 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis data showed that, above this temperature the ash participates in the sintering process and in the formation of new important phases. The results reported show that the reuse of SCBA in the ceramic industry is feasible.     

利用粉煤灰输送系统预处理木浆造纸污水的研究

针对造纸废水中含有木质素聚糖类、纤维素和碱浓度较高等特点,利用灰水混合体良好的吸附与沉降特性,通过热电厂粉煤处置系统对木浆造纸废水进行处理。结果表明,利用该工艺处理造纸废水可降低污染负荷65%以上,为降低造纸污水污染负荷提供了一个以废治废的有效途径。     

粉煤灰-土壤系统对沤麻废水的处理效果

将由粉煤灰-土壤过滤后的沤麻废水收集,定期测定收集到的废水的COD值,研究粉煤灰-土壤对沤麻废水的处理效果,结果表明:3种规模的粉煤灰-土壤对沤麻废水的COD平均去除率分别达到84%,77.6%和72.3%,且随着土壤深度的增加COD的去除率有所增加,试验取得了一定的效果。     

粉煤灰在处理造纸废水中的应用

参考国内外有关粉煤灰处理造纸废水的资料 ,综合分析讨论了粉煤灰处理造纸废水的机理、工艺流程和处理效果