基于STEAM的靠港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究

随着我国船舶排放控制区的设立,船舶大气污染物排放成为社会广泛关注的热点。以对城市影响显著的内河靠港船舶为研究对象,采用本土化的船舶交通排放估算模型(STEAM),结合船舶自动识别系统(AIS)中的船舶轨迹信息、船舶档案数据库信息及调研信息,实现基于船舶活动的"自下而上"的排放清单编制。将上述研究成果应用于南京龙潭集装箱港区,得到2014年该港区船舶大气物排放量分别为PM103.452 9 t、PM2.52.762 3 t、NOx196.004 4 t、SOx2.896 6t、CO 20.624 5 t、HC 8.127 8 t以及CO212 554.289 5 t。与整个港区排放相比,靠港船舶是SOx和NOx排放的重要来源,占比分别达到70.76%和58.16%。基于排放特性分析提出靠港船舶减排路径。     

江苏内河船舶防污现状与对策研究

在研究分析江苏省船舶运输现状和特点、内河船舶污染现状和存在问题的基础上，提出了江苏省内河船舶防污措施及政策建议。     

Pioneering observation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Hangzhou in eastern China and implications for upcoming 2022 Asian Games

Understanding the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical for air pollution mitigation. Continuous measurements of atmospheric VOCs were conducted from January to February in Hangzhou in 2021. The average measured concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 38.2 ± 20.9 ppb, > 42% lower than that reported by previous studies at the urban center in Hangzhou. The VOC concentrations and proportions were similar between weekdays and weekends. During the long holidays of the Spring Festival in China, the concentrations of TVOCs were ∼50% lower than those during the regular days, but their profiles showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Further, we deduced that aromatics and alkenes were the most crucial chemicals promoting the formation of O₃ and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in Hangzhou. According to interspecies correlations, combustion processes and solvent use were inferred as major VOC emission sources. This study provides implications for air quality improvements before and during the upcoming Asian Games that will be hosted in Hangzhou in 2022.     

我国部分内陆水域有机锡污染现状初探

首次对我国部分内陆水域由于使用了基锡作为船舶防污产而带来的水污染现状进行了研究，运用气相色谱，表面发射火焰光度检测方法对所采样品进行了测定，在我国多处内陆水域域发现了丁基锡污染。     

西北内陆河城区段入河水体CDOM三维荧光光谱特征

于2017年8月现场采集并测定了西北某内陆河城区段16个入河排放口水体的有色溶解性有机物（CDOM）三维荧光光谱（EEMs）,深入探讨和分析了其CDOM荧光光谱特征、组成成分、类型和可能来源,探讨了荧光组分对研究河段溶解性有机物的示踪特征.结果表明,污染物产生途径不同,入河水体CDOM的EEMs特征差异显著,除了工业、城镇生活等受人为处理影响的水体外,同类排放源的EEMs具有类似性,大多数入河水体中都包含有类腐殖质荧光A峰.平行因子分析方法（PARAFAC）解析出入河水体CDOM由3个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质组分C₁（272,437/545nm）和C₃（281,368/437nm）,类蛋白组分C₂（<2150,281/366nm）,其中C₁和C₃具有同源性,且其A峰、C峰的位置发生老化红移现象,C₂组分的类蛋白荧光T峰则较为稳定,可以作为研究河段溶解性有机物来源的指示参数.入河排放水体CDOM的荧光指数（FI、HIX、BIX）在反映人类活动对水质的干扰方面较为敏感,工业企业、城镇生活废水排放源的荧光指数、生源指数与其他排放源有所差异,可以敏感指示人为污染的存在.入河水体CODM的光学参数（a（280）、a（350）、a（355））及荧光峰强度均与TOC、CODcr有一定的线性关系,可用于指示有机污染程度.三个荧光组分与TOC、TN的线性拟合关系相对较好,表明可以用荧光组分值对各入河排放源的TOC、TN等指标进行有效示踪.     

广州亚运会水环境质量保障监测系统的建立与应用

广州亚运会对水环境质量保障提出较高的要求,水环境监测是水环境质量保障的重要一环,本文在全面分析了广州亚运会所面临的水环境质量压力和水环境监测所遇到难度,从监测环节和保障环节介绍了广州亚运水环境质量保障监测系统的建立思路、组成和特点,并对其应用效果进行了分析。     

Estimation of Southeast Asian rice paddy areas with different ecosystems from moderate-resolution satellite imagery

Multi-temporal satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) was used to map the different ecosystems of Southeast Asian (SEA) rice paddies. The algorithm was based on temporal profiles of vegetation strength and/or water content, using MODIS surface reflectance in visible to near-IR range. The results obtained from the analysis were compared to national statistics. Estimated SEA regional rice area was 42 × 10⁶ ha, which agrees with published values. The model performance was dependent on rice ecosystems. Good linear relationships between the model results and the national statistics were observed for rainfed rice. High linear coefficients of determination, R², were also found for irrigated rice and upland rice, but the model tended to underestimate irrigated rice and overestimate upland rice. However, these high R² values indicated that the model effectively simulated spatial distribution of these rice areas. These R² values were either of similar magnitude or larger than those reported in literature, regardless of the rice ecosystem. Poor correlation was observed for deepwater rice.     

基于ERICA的生物辐射剂量评价

电离辐射防护不仅要保护人类而且要保护非人类生物,这是辐射防护概念的一个重大变化,也是生态保护的一大重要举措。本文概述了欧盟生物辐射剂量评价方法 FASSSET的框架体系结构、参考生物和剂量学模型。本文以某内陆核电厂为例,采用ERICA方法对该核电厂水生生物的辐射影响进行了预测计算。计算结果表明,该内陆核电厂2台百万千瓦级核电机组正常运行时对水生生物的辐射剂量率低于国际组织推荐的400μGy.h-1控制限值和ERICA的筛选剂量值10μGy.h-1。因此,该内陆核电厂不会对厂址附近水域水生生物造成不利影响。ERICA方法可作为中国现阶段开展生物辐射剂量评价的推荐方法。     

西北内陆区降水稳定同位素时空分布特征及其水汽来源

综合分析西北内陆区97个研究站点的降水稳定同位素数据,并结合相关气象资料,揭示了西北内陆区降水稳定同位素δ¹⁸O、δD和d-excess时空分布特征,明确了海拔、经纬度、温度和降雨量对降水δ¹⁸O的影响;利用水汽通量和HYSPLIT模型追踪了大气降水的水汽来源.同时,根据关键自然地理要素的空间差异将西北内陆区划分为4个子区域,对上述内容分区域进行系统分析和对比.结果表明：(1)西北内陆区降水δ¹⁸O和δD的变化范围分别为-21.20‰～1.70‰和-144.20‰～5.21‰,d-excess波动范围为-20.37‰～46.48‰,δ¹⁸O、δD和d-excess均存在显著的空间变化和季节变化特征,河西内陆区和塔里木地区δ¹⁸O和δD值相对偏正,柴达木-青海湖区和准噶尔-吐哈地区δ¹⁸O和δD偏负.(2)西北内陆区大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均小于中国和全球大气降水线,4个子区域亦低于全球水线,其中塔里木地区斜率最低.(3)西北内陆区海拔效应为-0.04‰·...     

干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素的时空特征及环境意义

依据石羊河流域武威站(海拔1 531 m)、民勤站(海拔1 389 m)和西大河(海拔2 897 m)于2013年7月至2014年7月一个完整水文年的降水样品和气象数据,分析该流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化和局地大气降水线,讨论降水过程中温度、湿度、降水量、平均水汽压以及相对湿度等环境因素对降水稳定同位素演化的影响.结果表明:①研究时段内降水稳定同位素呈现出显著的季节性变化,冬季和春季较低,夏季和秋季较高;②武威站D-excess月均值低于西大河,除可能具有不同的水汽来源外,也反映了高海拔山地地区更多的受到局地再循环水汽的影响,低海拔平原地区云下二次蒸发更强烈;③流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,在天气尺度上体现出降水量效应,可能是受到淋洗作用或季风环流的影响;④δ18O值与平均相对湿度呈负相关关系,可能是随着降水量与湿度的增加使云下二次蒸发作用减弱.