北京市2005年夏季大气颗粒物污染特征及影响因素

对2005年7～8月北京市不同功能区8个采样点PM10和PM2.5的浓度水平、空间分布、PM10/PM2.5比值进行了分析,并讨论了PM10和PM2.5的日变化特征及影响因素.结果表明,北京市夏季PM10和PM2.5日均浓度为155.37 μg/m3和87.70 μg/m3,分别为国家二级标准和美国PM2.5标准的1.04倍和1.35倍;PM2.5、PM10浓度在不同功能区存在一定差异;PM2.5和PM10的日变化以白天高,夜间低为主,且不同功能区的最高值对应于城市居民活动的不同高峰期;在湿度较高的情况下,PM2.5、PM10与湿度呈一定正相关性,且湿度对PM2.5的影响更大;降水前后PM2.5、PM10浓度变化情况表明降水的主要作用是清除粗粒子,对PM2.5的影响则较小.     

黄河北干流径流变化规律及其与气候的关系研究

为了明确黄河北干流的径流变化规律以及和季风的关系,研究将黄河北干流划分为3个河段(上游:河口-吴堡、中游:吴堡-龙门,下游:龙门-潼关),并将时间尺度分为小尺度(<10 a)、中尺度(10～20 a)和大(≥20 a)尺度,应用该区域1919～2006年4个水文站的年天然径流数据、亚洲季风指数和踞风指数,采用线性回归和...     

广州市环境空气监测与预警体系在亚运会中的应用

本文以2010年广州亚运会空气质量监测保障为例,从广州市环境空气质量监测网络、空气质量预报、预警体系和环境质量会商及信息发布管理机制等方面,介绍了广州市环境空气监测与预警体系。通过2010年广州亚运会空气质量保障监测实践,证明广州市环境空气监测与预警体系是适应广州环境保护工作发展,并能满足特殊环境空气质量保障目标需求,具有示范作用和可供全国中心城市借鉴的先进的环境空气质量监测与预警体系。     

福州城郊冬夏两季大气中HCHs和DDTs分布特征

2010年冬、夏两季,利用大流量采样器采集了福州市大气样品,并用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-mECD)分析其中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)残留水平、分布特征及来源.结果表明,大气ΣHCHs浓度范围为28.04~413.0 pg/m3,总体而言,城区高于郊区,夏季高于冬季,气相高于颗粒相;气相中HCHs浓度夏季高于冬季,颗粒相中则相反;夏季气相中HCHs浓度显著高于颗粒相,而冬季气相与颗粒相中HCHs浓度基本相当.4种HCHs异构体中,气相与颗粒相中均是δ-HCH相对含量最高.大气ΣDDTs浓度范围为146.5~897.8 pg/m3,总体而言,郊区高于城区,冬季高于夏季,颗粒相高于气相;气相中DDTs浓度夏季高于冬季,颗粒相中则相反;冬季颗粒相中DDTs浓度显著高于气相,而夏季颗粒相与气相中DDTs浓度无显著差异.4种DDTs异构体/同系物中,气相中o,p′-DDT的相对含量最高,颗粒相中o,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDT相对含量较高.来源解析表明,福州城郊大气中HCHs非历史污染,存在林丹的使用或输入;大气中可能存在DDTs输入,并可能有大量三氯杀螨醇的输入.     

成都市区夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2019年6～9月在成都市区对挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行在线观测,研究夏季VOCs浓度水平、变化特征、臭氧生成贡献(OFP)及来源贡献.结果表明,成都市区夏季TVOCs(总挥发性有机物)平均质量浓度为112.66μg·m^-3,烷烃(29.51%)和卤代烃(23.23%)为主要组分; VOCs日变化峰值主要出现在上午10:00～11:00,受城市机动车、油气挥发和工业排放影响;夏季VOCs的OFP贡献中芳香烃贡献率(42.7%)最高,其次为烯烃(27.4%),关键活性物种为间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、邻-二甲苯、异戊烷、环戊烷和丙烯醛等;使用PMF受体模型进行来源解析表明,移动源为成都市区夏季VOCs的主要贡献源,贡献率为34%,其次为工业源(17%)和油气挥发(14%),溶剂使用源和天然源分别贡献11%和13%.因此,机动车和工业排放为成都市区VOCs的重点控制源,同时溶剂使用及油气挥发等污染源的管控也不可忽视.     

重庆地区石笋δ13C记录的全新世气候环境变化

本文利用重庆市青木关镇狮子洞石笋QM09铀系测年数据和氧碳稳定同位素数据,重建了研究区9.4~0 ka BP的古气候环境演化历史。依据狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录变化趋势,将其划分为2个阶段:(1)9.4~3.0 ka BP期间,狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录除了在4.2 ka BP附近发生一次短暂的偏重事件外,整体变化比较平缓,石笋δ~(13)C值比较偏轻;同时石笋δ~(18)O值在该期也较为偏轻,暗示了此时段季风强盛,气候温暖湿润,地表植被变化稳定。此时人类活动比较弱,对自然环境的影响小,植被变化主要受自然气候环境的影响;(2)3.0~0 ka BP期间,石笋δ~(13)C记录不再呈现如第一阶段般平稳变动的趋势,在3.0 ka BP时开始波动下降,在经历1.7 ka BP大幅下降后,δ~(13)C便频繁波动大幅升降。石笋δ~(18)O记录显示该时段季风减弱,气候变干,植被退化,土壤水中溶解的CO_2含量减少。加之该期人类活动剧烈,地表自然植被遭到破坏,当地无机环境更多的参与到地下水循环体系中来,使得石笋δ~(13)C逐渐加重。     

An Analysis of the Daily Radial Activity of 7 Boreal Tree Species, Northwestern Quebec

In the `Des Vieux Arbres' ecological reserve situated within northwestern Québec, 40 band dendrometers were installedon 7 of the major boreal tree species. The late Spring–early Summer daily radial activity registered in 1997 was related todaily weather variables. For each tree species, the daily mean i) cumulative radial increment and ii) radial activity indexedseries obtained by first-difference standardization were analyzed. The results indicate the existence of strong similarities among the 7 species. All showed strong synchronousfluctuations in radius during late winter and early spring. Thisperiod ended with a short but sharp increase in radial increments that marked the passage of water into the stem. Thisinitial swelling, less obvious in Pinus species was followed by a prolonged period of little change in radial activity. Meteorological data indicated that air temperature waspositively related to stem swelling during the late winter–earlyspring period. Both air and soil temperatures became negatively related to radial expansion once the passage of water has occurred in the stem. Starting in early June, all species registered a sustained increase in radial increments possiblyassociated with active cell division. After this, radial expansion was negatively related to air temperature and positively to rainfall.     

Variation in spatial pattern of criteria air pollutants before and during initial rain of monsoon

Spatial patterns of various criteria air pollutants,like SO₂, NO₂, O₃, and TSP were studied atShahdara National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stationin Delhi (India) in July 1999. The minimum pollutantconcentrations were observed during morning hours,whereas the highest concentrations were found during thelate night hours, which seem to be related with thevehicular emission. Pre-monsoon daily ambient airquality spatial pattern was compared with the spatialpattern during initial and subsequent rain shower ofmonsoon. These spatial patterns were found to beessentially the same before and during rain, however asignificant decrease in SO₂, NO₂ and TSPconcentrations (40-45%) was observed after initial andsubsequent rains of the monsoon, demonstrating theimportance of rainfall in the scavenging of thesecriteria air pollutants.     

Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Summer and Winter Vegetables from Agra, India – A case study

Analysis of summer and winter vegetable samples during 2002–2003 for pesticidal contamination was carried out on Gas Chromatograph-Electron Capture Detector with capillary columns. The contamination levels of winter vegetables (average concentration of 4.57, 6.80 and 5.47 ppb respectively for Lindane, Endosulphan and DDT) were found to be slightly higher than the summer vegetables (average concentration of 4.47, 3.14 and 2.82 ppb respectively for Lindane, Endosulphan and DDT). The concentration of these organochlorine pesticides in summer and winter vegetables were well below the established tolerances but continuous consumption of such vegetables even with moderate contamination level can accumulate in the receptor's body and may lead to chronic effects that could be fatal.     

珠江三角洲干线公路夏季臭氧污染特征

基于国家干线公路交通量信息,运用GIS的路网线性参考系统,计算珠三角地区夏季NO_x和VOCs排放量,使用最大增量反应活性（MIR）和经验公式,分别估算VOCs和NO_x的O₃生成及其强度的空间分布特征.结果表明,夏季VOCs的排放量占比总体上与各类型车辆数占比一致,而汽油车的NO_x排放量占比与车辆数差异较大;VOCs排放的分布与NO_x基本相似,广州市是NO_x和VOCs排放量最高的城市,珠海、中山和江门3个城市的排放量较小;NO_x的O₃生成总量与生成能力成反比,所有车型中烯烃和芳香烃对O₃生成贡献率都是最大的,而排放量较大的烷烃生成O₃量最低;路网密度大的广州市、深圳市,汽车排放的NO_x和VOCs量相对较高,其产生的O₃浓度也较高,对于路网密度较小的城市（如珠海市）,其O₃污染主要以交通干线为中心,向外扩散,O₃生成量较小.