秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤养分及冬小麦产量的影响

为探究关中地区秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响,研究采用裂区试验设计,主区为：秸秆不还田（S₀）和秸秆还田（S）;副区为：不施肥（WF）、氮肥（NF）和氮磷肥（NPF）.应用生态化学计量的方法,探究秸秆还田配施化肥下土壤碳氮磷含量变化及其和产量的关系.结果表明,秸秆和施肥互作对表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均产生显著影响（P<0.05）.与S₀WF处理相比,SNPF处理显著提高表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳和全氮含量（P<0.05）.秸秆和年份互作对表层（0~20 cm）土壤全氮含量产生显著影响（P<0.05）,随着秸秆还田时间的增加,在2021年SWF处理下表层（0~20 cm）土壤全氮含量显著高于S₀WF （P<0.05）.秸秆和施肥及其互作对20~40 cm土层有机碳和全氮含量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但对20~40 cm土壤全磷含量产生显著影响（P<0.05）,与SWF处理相比,SNPF处理显著增加了20~40 cm土层全磷含量（P<0.05）.秸秆还田配施化肥对土壤化学计量特征也产生显著影响.与S₀WF处理相比,S₀NPF处理能够降低表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：N,提高表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：P和N：P.与SWF处理相比,SNF处理能够降低表层（0~20 cm）土壤C：N.秸秆还田配施化肥对冬小麦产量也产生显著影响,2020年和2021年SNPF处理与S₀WF处理相比分别增产24.23%和28.9%.相关性分析表明,产量与C：N （P<0.05）和C：P （P<0.01）呈显著正相关关系.全氮和N：P与处理年份呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）.综上所述,在关中地区秸秆还田配施氮磷肥处理（SNPF）会改善土壤养分,改变土壤化学计量特征,同时提高产量.因此,本研究结果表明秸秆还田配施氮磷肥（SNPF）是优化区域农田养分管理,提高粮食生产能力的有效途径.     

秸秆还田、地膜覆盖及施氮对冬小麦田N2O和N2排放的影响

为探究不同耕作方式及施氮水平下黄土高原地区旱地冬小麦田N₂O排放规律,运用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了冬小麦田N₂O排放动态.以冬小麦‘小偃22’为材料,采取双因素裂区试验设计,主区为3种耕作模式：常规耕作（CT）、秸秆还田（SM）和平膜覆盖（FM）;副区为3种氮水平处理：不施氮、减氮20%(144 kg·hm^-2)和常规施氮(180 kg·hm^-2).以常规耕作（CT）为对照,探讨不同施氮水平下FM和SM对土壤N₂O排放产生的影响,同时分析环境因子与N₂O排放通量的相关性,并根据经验公式估算N₂排放量.结果表明,各施氮处理的土壤N₂O的排放主要集中在施肥后20 d内,且N₂O排放通量峰值出现在施肥后两周之内.冬小麦田的平均N₂O通量为1.92～22.75μg·（m²·h）^-1,累积排放量为0.10～0.46 kg·hm^...     

天津市郊区冬季大气边界层风、温场结构与特征

利用天津市郊区探空观测资料,对该地区冬季大气边界层内的风场、温度场结构与特征进行研究.结果表明,测试期间风向随着高度增加呈顺时针旋转, 由东风、东南风逐渐右转,转为西南风、西风,遵循Eckman螺线的规律;不同高度层风速日变化规律不同.一般来说,在较低高度风速白天变大,夜晚变小,而较高处则相反;接地逆温大约在20:00开始生成,随着时间的增加,逆温逐渐加强,平均逆温厚度在02:00达到最大值;混合层高度在早晨厚度较薄,午后混合层厚度较厚,有利于污染物的扩散;天津市市区10m和100m高度层风速的日变化规律与郊区相同,200m高度层风速日变化规律不同;市区与郊区相比,不同高度层风速随着时间起伏变化较小.     

草海国家级自然保护区冬季主要水鸟群落结构与生境的关系

于2011年12月至2012年2月对草海湿地国家级自然保护区冬季主要水鸟进行调查,结果表明:(1)共记录草海主要越冬水鸟30种,隶属于6目10科17属,区系上以古北型与全北型居多;(2)雁形目水鸟种类与数量均占优势,白骨顶(Fulica atra)、赤颈鸭(Anas penelope)、斑头雁(Anser indicus)、赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)5种水鸟优势度均达10%以上,黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和灰鹤(Grus grus)等珍稀水鸟也具一定的种群数量;(3)5种草海典型生境栖息的水鸟种类与数量存在显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis H Test:n=30,!2=16.1893,P=0.003),浅水区是水鸟多样性最丰富的区域,多样性指数(H'=1.079)和均匀性指数(J'=0.804)均最高,而耕地最低(H'=0.345;J'=0.493);(4)群落聚类显示,草海主要水鸟可分为7类伴生群落,不同群落在不同生境中分布存在一定差异。     

Metsulfuron‐methyl soil persistence and mobility in winter wheat and following green manure crops

A procedure has been developed for the analysis of metsulfuron‐methyl in the soil of field crops. The soil extracts are cleaned by repeated TLC, and metsulfuron‐methyl is simultaneously separated from its soil metabolites. Metsulfuron‐methyl is transformed by diazomethane into its N,N ‘‐dimethyl derivative which in the GC (electron capture detection) and GC‐MS apparatus is transformed into a benzisothiazole compound which is measured with great sensitivity. The sensitivity limit is 0.3 μg metsulfuron‐methyl kg^‐1 dry soil. The results of the chemical analyses are confirmed by bioassays using sugar beet as test plant. Metsulfuron‐methyl was measured in the soil of two winter wheat crops after post‐emergence application in the spring of 6 g metsulfuron‐methyl ha^‐1. In the 0–8 cm surface soil layer, the metsulfuron‐methyl soil half‐life was 78 days in 1997, and 67 days in 1998. During crop, metsulfuron‐methyl remained in the 0–8 cm surface soil layer. There, it was at a maximum concentration and herbicide efficiency in a 2 cm‐thick soil layer. This maximum concentration soil layer progressively moved down during crop, attaining the 4–6 cm surface soil layer at crop end. After the winter wheat harvest at the end of July, and the rotary‐tilling of the 0–10 cm surface soil layer before sowing of the green manures, 27% of the metsulfuron‐methyl initial dose still remained in the 0–10 cm surface soil layer. This residue progressively disappeared, and was no more detected at the middle of November. It had no, or only very low inhibiting effect on the growth of the green manures. Thus there is no concern about the possible phytotoxicity of persistent metsulfuron‐methyl soil residues towards the following crops, when metsulfuron‐methyl is applied at the rate of 6 g a.i.ha^‐1.     

Cluster analysis of inorganic elements in particulate matter in the air environment of an equatorial urban coastal location

Concentrations of nine inorganic elements (Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cd and Al) in particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the air of an equatorial urban coastal location during 2009 were studied during summer and winter monsoon seasons using high-volume sampling techniques. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyse the samples. The concentrations of most inorganic elements were higher during summer than winter, except for Cu and Zn. The main inorganic elements in PM₁₀ are Na, Zn and Ca. High concentrations of Na and Ca are due to marine aerosols. Analysis of enrichment factors showed that inorganic elements are from non-crustal sources. Cluster analysis identified five clusters in the summer and six in the winter: (1) PM₁₀–Ni, (2) Zn–Na, (3) Fe–Cu–Ca–Cd, (4) Mn and (5) Al for summer; and (1) PM₁₀, (2) Zn, (3) Fe–Ni, (4) Cu–Ca–Na–Cd, (5) Mn and (6) Al for winter. Combining both correlation and cluster analysis, it was found that Fe–Cu–Cd was from industry/vehicle emissions, Zn was from resuspended soil, Mn was from metallurgical processes, Ni was from a nearby power plant and Al was from crustal sources. Inorganic element concentrations could be a good indicator of local sources of PM₁₀.     

湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤中重金属铅、铜形态影响

采用田区试验研究了田间种植冬小麦条件下,底泥土地利用前后土壤中重金属铅、铜的形态演变及小麦各器官中铅、铜的富集。结果表明,随着底泥施用量的增加,土壤中重金属铅、铜的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残渣态均有不同程度的增加,本试验所有处理中,可交换态铅的质量分数范围为0.02~0.10 mg·kg-1,碳酸盐结合态铅的质量分数范围为0.04~0.24 mg·kg-1,铁锰氧化物结合态铅质量分数为0.41~1.88 mg·kg-1,有机物结合态铅质量分数范围为1.23~4.92 mg·kg-1,残渣态铅质量分数范围为4.82~23.66 mg·kg-1;各处理与对照相比,可交换态铜质量分数增加了40.00%~200.00%,碳酸盐结合态铜质量分数增加了36.84%~363.16%,铁锰氧化物结合态铜质量分数增加了7.17~45.15%,有机结合态铜质量分数增加了7.98%~62.61%,残渣态铜质量分数增加了0.12%~9.69%,各处理的残渣态铅、铜质量分数均较高。随着底泥用量增加,小麦根系、茎叶、籽粒中铅、铜质量分数均呈增加趋势,植株对重金属铅、铜的富集顺序为根系>茎叶>籽粒,铜的富集系数均大于铅。小麦籽粒产量、茎叶生物量及地上部生物量随着底泥施用量的增加,均出现了先增加后减少的现象,当小麦籽粒产量达到最大值时,籽粒中铅、铜质量分数未超出我国相应标准,依此确定底泥环境安全施用量为3051.29 t·hm-2。     

模拟东亚夏季风对中国东部地区大气中α-六六六(α-HCH)时空分布的影响

以中国为研究区域,利用CanMETOP模型模拟了2005年大气中α-六六六(α-HCH)浓度的变化,并分析了东亚夏季风对我国东部地区大气中α-HCH浓度时空分布的影响.模拟结果表明,6月15日-8月15日期间,东北、华北和东南地区的α-HCH平均大气浓度分别为260 pg·m~(-3),74 pg·m~(-3)和41 pg·m~(-3).大气浓度具有明显的时空分布特征,从6月15日在我国东南地区开始出现了较高的大气浓度堆集,6月24日达到最大值(259 pg·m~(-3)).在向我国北部传输过程中,7月1日在东北形成的气旋区域出现最大值(1947pg·m~(-3)).此后,东南地区的大气浓度均处于较低的水平(<50 pg·m~(-3)),而东北地区的大气浓度一直处于100-350 pg·m~(-3)之间的较高水平.分析结果表明,东亚夏季风可以将东南地区大气中的α-HCH传输至东北地区,并在东北区域堆集.     

Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of elephant geophagic soils in Udawalawe National Park,Sri Lanka

Geophagy or deliberate ingestion of soils was observed among Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the Udawalwe National Park, Sri Lanka, for several years. The geochemical and mineralogical composition of the clayey soil layers which are purposefully selected and eaten by elephants in the park were studied, in order to identify the possible reasons for elephant geophagy. The concentrations of major and trace elements were determined by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in 21 soil samples from eight geophagic sites and six soil samples collected from four non-geophagic sites. The mineralogical composition of selected soil samples was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These geochemical analyses revealed that geophagic soils in the study areas are deeply weathered and that most of the elements are leached from the soil layers under extreme weathering conditions. The XRD data showed that the soils of the area consisted mainly quartz, feldspar, and the clay minerals kaolinite, Fe-rich illite, and smectite. Although no significant geochemical differences were identified between geophagic and non-geophagic soils, a clear difference was observed in their clay mineralogical content. Soils eaten by elephants are richer in kaolinite and illite than non-geophagic soils, which contain a higher amount of smectite. It is suggested that elephants in Udawalawe National Park ingest soils mainly not to supplement the mineral contents of their forage but to detoxify unpalatable compounds in their diet.     

What makes affirmative action‐based hiring decisions seem (un)fair? A test of an ideological explanation for fairness judgments

Studies show that Whites tend to show the lowest level of support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Opponents of AA often argue that this is because it violates principles of meritocracy. However, self‐interest (based on social identification with those adversely affected) could also explain their opposition. In three studies, we varied whether an Asian or White male is adversely affected by AA to test another explanation; namely, that Whites' fairness judgments are based on both the adversely affected person's race and the fairness evaluator's ideological beliefs. Although we found some support for the meritocratic explanation, this was not sufficient to explain why Whites view AA as (un)fair. Instead, we found strong support for our prediction that Whites who are opposed to equality perceive more unfairness when a White (vs. Asian) was harmed by AA, whereas Whites who endorse egalitarian ideologies perceive the opposite. This finding suggests that neither self‐interest nor meritocratic explanations can fully account for Whites' opposition to AA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.