Enhanced enzymatic removal of anthracene by the mangrove soil-derived fungus, Aspergillus sydowii BPOI

• A. sydowii strain bpo1 exhibited 99.8% anthracene degradation efficiency. • Four unique metabolic products were obtained after anthracene degradation. • Ligninolytic enzymes induction played vital roles in the removal of anthracene. • Laccase played a crucial role in comparison with other enzymes induced. The present study investigated the efficiency of Aspergillus sydowii strain bpo1 (GenBank Accession Number: MK373021) in the removal of anthracene (100 mg/L). Optimal degradation efficiency (98.7%) was observed at neutral pH, temperature (30℃), biomass weight (2 g) and salinity (0.2% w/v) within 72 h. The enzyme analyses revealed 131%, 107%, and 89% induction in laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase respectively during anthracene degradation. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency (99.8%) and enzyme induction were significantly enhanced with the addition of 100 mg/L of citric acid and glucose to the culture. At varying anthracene concentrations (100–500 mg/L), the degradation rate constants (k₁) peaked with increasing concentration of anthracene while the half-life (t_1/2) decreases with increase in anthracene concentration. Goodness of fit (R² = 0.976 and 0.982) was observed when the experimental data were subjected to Langmuir and Temkin models respectively which affirmed the monolayer and heterogeneous nature exhibited by A. sydwoii cells during degradation. Four distinct metabolites; anthracene-1,8,9 (2H,8aH,9aH)-trione, 2,4a-dihydronaphthalene-1,5-dione, 1,3,3a,7a-tetrahydro-2-benzofuran-4,7-dione and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid was obtained through Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A. sydowii exhibited promising potentials in the removal of PAHs.     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

Uptake of chromium by Aspergillus foetidus

Aspergillus foetidus has the ability to take up chromium during the stationary phase of growth and under growth-nonsupportive conditions. We observed a 97% decrease in hexavalent chromium (initial concentration 5 µg/g) at the end of 92 h of growth, which may be due to its reduction to Cr (III) and/or complexation with organic compounds released due to the metabolic activity of the fungus. Replacement culture studies under growth-nonsupportive conditions revealed that the maximum uptake of Cr (VI) at pH 7.0 is 2 mg/g of dry biomass. At low or high pH values, Cr (VI) uptake is significantly reduced. In addition, the initial rate of total chromium uptake is also enhanced by higher biomass concentrations and the presence of glucose. The results obtained through this investigation indicate the possibility of treating waste effluents containing hexavalent chromium using Aspergillus foetidus.     

Cytotoxic and proinflammatory response of RAW 264.7 cells to differentially fractionated fungal fragments

Although significant research has been carried out for studying the impacts of pure mycotoxins on human cell, little information is known about the direct effects of fungal submicron particles. In this report, murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to fungal extracts from Stachybotrys chartarum RTI 5802 and Aspergillus versicolor RTI 3843 as well as mixtures from both fungi with fragment sizes ranging from 0.25 to 1?µm. Cell viability was found to be unaffected by all extracts except fragments in the 0.5–1?µm size range from A. versicolor RTI 3843, which decreased cell viability by approximately 60%. IL-1β expression was generally upregulated following exposure to fungal extracts from either S. chartarum RTI 5802 or A. versicolor RTI 3843. However, when extracts from the mixture of both fungi were introduced, IL-1β expression was downregulated. IL-6 and IL-10 expression were also generally upregulated. In comparison to the findings in the literature about the effects of pure mycotoxins on RAW 264.7 cells, the results presented herein show different patterns on mRNA expression which may be a result of the complex composition of the extract in terms of both mycotoxins and other fungal materials in addition to the potential interplay of the different components.     

米曲霉氨基酰化酶酶法拆分制备D型芳香族氨基酸

以DL-苯丙氨酸为起始原料,乙酸酐乙酰化后得到N-乙酰DL-苯丙氨酸,利用米曲霉氨基酰化酶立体结构专一催化水解N-酰基-L-氨基酸的酰胺键的特点,分别得到L-苯丙氨酸和N-乙酰D-苯丙氨酸.通过结晶法分离两者后,N-乙酰D-苯丙氨酸经6 mol/L HCI水解得到D-苯丙氨酸.由此拆分DL-苯丙氨酸得到光学纯度分别为98%的L-苯丙氨酸(收率84.8%,以原料N-乙酰-DL-苯丙氨酸的0.5倍摩尔量为理论产率)和92.3%的D-苯丙氨酸(收率89.5%).参22     

固定化烟曲霉吸附染料后的解吸平衡及动力学研究

对羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)固定化灭活烟曲霉小球中的2种活性染料的解吸剂进行了选择,并对其解吸平衡和解吸动力学进行了研究.结果表明,pH值为12.0的75%乙醇溶液对吸附在CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球中的活性艳蓝KN-R和活性艳红K-2BP的解吸效果较好;一级指数衰减方程能很好地描述对2种活性染料的解吸动力学;解吸平衡数据均可以用Freundlich等温模型来拟合.     

黑曲霉对水溶性染料的吸附研究

用黑曲霉对6种水溶性染料废水进行吸附脱色,当染料质量浓度为100mg／L时,6种染料废水的脱色率均达到88％以上。对培养液的光谱分析表明,染料废水的脱色是由吸附引起的。考察了氮碳源种类、碳源浓度、培养基pH和染料浓度对染料废水吸附脱色效果的影响。结果表明,（NH4）2SO4和葡萄糖是较好的氮碳源,葡萄糖质量浓度为2．5～10．0g／L时,随着其质量浓度的增加,脱色率增加;当染料质量浓度为50～200mg／L时,随着其质量浓度的增加,脱色率下降;pH对脱色率有一定的影响,但pH为4～9时,脱色率均较高。对吸附了染料的菌体进行解吸,发现甲醇是较好的解吸溶剂。     

Tolerance and biosorption of copper （Cu） and lead （Pb） by filamentous fungi isolated from a freshwater ecosystem

Filamentous fungi are able to accumulate significant amount of metals from their environment. The potential of fungal biomass as agents for biosorption of heavy metals from contaminated sediments is currently receiving attention. In the present study, a total of 41 isolates of filamentous fungi obtained from the sediment of the Langat River, Selangor, Malaysia were screened for their tolerance and uptake capability of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). The isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P. janthinellum. A. niger and P. simplicissimum, were able to survive at 1000 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) while for Pb, only A. niger survived at 5000 mg/L concentration. The results showed that A. niger, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum have a better uptake capacity for Pb compared to Cu and the findings indicated promising biosorption of Cu and Pb by these filamentous fungi from aqueous solution. The present study was also determined the maximum removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) that was performed by A. niger. The metal removal which occurred at Cu(II) 200 mg/L was (20.910 0.581) mg/g and at 250 mg/L of Pb(II) was (54.046 0.328) mg/g.     

烟曲霉菌吸附染料的解吸及其机理

研究了烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)生长菌体吸附染料后的解吸情况及其机理。结果表明,吸附有直接染料或活性染料的生长菌体在甲醇体系中均有相当高的解析率;解吸剂溶液的酸碱性对解吸率有很大影响,酸性环境下解吸受到抑制,而碱性环境可显著提高解吸速度和解吸率;初始温度对解吸的影响较小,温度升高,解吸率有所降低;解吸剂用量较少,只需少量解吸剂,吸附在生长菌体中的染料就可比较彻底的解吸出来。采用甲醇解吸吸附有活性艳蓝KN-R的生长菌体的作用机理为,甲醇和染料分子中的磺酸基发生了放热反应,生成了磺酸甲酯。吸附有活性艳蓝KN-R的生长菌体在甲醇体系中的解吸符合一级指数衰减模型,解吸初始阶段,反应速度较快;反应中后期,甲醇要突破缠绕致密的菌丝球和生物膜的障碍才能和染料相接触,因而反应速度较慢。吸附有染料的生长菌体在采用甲醇解吸出吸附在其上的染料后,仍可接入到染料体系中对其进行吸附脱色,且可连续使用3次以上。     

不同陈化烟叶叶面高温微生物多样性

以国内外不同品种、不同陈化时间的10个烟叶样品为材料,对其叶面高温微生物进行了分离纯化、鉴定和多样性研究,以了解表面高温微生物在烟叶陈化发酵中的作用.结果表明:陈化烟叶表面高温菌总量为103~105个/g,高温细菌占绝对优势,真菌很少,未能分离到放线菌和酵母菌;高温细菌主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)两个属,芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属;高温霉菌主要包括青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus),曲霉属为优势菌属.国内外烟叶表面微生物种类和数量有所差异,与陈化时间和烟叶品种等因素有着密切关系.