Ninety five percent: an evaluation of law, policy, and programs to promote seat belt use in Washington state

Seat belt use in Washington state was 83% in 2001. In 2002, a series of law, policy, and program initiatives coalesced to produce a dramatic increase in seat belt use. Washington enacted a primary enforcement seat belt, the Chief of the Washington State Patrol made safety belt enforcement one of the core missions of that agency, and Washington participated in the national Memorial Day Click It or Ticket program during May 2002 and continued the program into 2003. Evaluation of these initiatives was accomplished through observation surveys of seat belt use, analysis of seat belt violation data, and analysis of data on traffic deaths of motor vehicle occupants. The major findings were that there was a two- to three-fold increase in enforcement of the seat belt law, belt use rates increased to 93% in 2002 and again to 95% in 2003, and motor-vehicle occupant fatalities decreased by 13%. IMPACT ON PRACTICE AND POLICY: The primary seat belt law and Click It or Ticket program activities were critical factors in increasing belt use in Washington state. Media and enforcement programs targeting seat belt use can be very effective in raising the belt use rate, but a long-term commitment to continuation of these program activities is essential. Other states implementing new primary seat belt laws should consider delivering a Click It or Ticket campaign prior to the effective date of the primary law and continuing these activities during subsequent months and years.     

高浓度ABS树脂生产污水治理技术

ABS树脂生产装置中的污水处理一直是影响化工装置环保的一大难题。一方面,其废水水质差,悬浮物含量高,且多为细微颗粒,难以从水中分离,进入生化系统也难以去除;另一方面,污水中溶解性胶乳较多、粘性大,且为间歇式排放,对污水处理系统冲击较大。大庆石化总厂采取完善生产工艺操作过程、采用高效净水剂、对处理设备进行改进及对生产全过程进行污染控制等措施,并分阶段、分单元、分步骤地对污染源进行处理。采取这些措施后使ABS树脂生产中的废水得到了有效治理,处理后的ABS污水中CODcr含量在1000mg/L以下,悬浮物含量在500mg/L以下,石油类物质含量在30mg/L以下。处理装置的能耗、物耗也大幅度降低。     

用电凝聚装置去除废水中重金属离子

用一种新型电极结构的电凝聚装置,对废水中的重金属离子进行了去除实验研究.并对影响重金属离子去除率的各种因素进行了分析.结果表明,使用该装置在适当的实验条件下,可以有效去除废水中的Zn2+、Cd+2、Pb+2、Hg2+和Cu+2,使之达到达标排放或回用水平.该装置具有结构简单,自动化程度高,操作简便,占地面积小,污泥产量小的特点.     

路面预防性养护时机确定方法探讨

介绍了路面预防性养护时机的确定方法 :应用行驶质量指数或破坏指数、基于时间或路况、效益费用评估、生命周期费用分析、决策树或决策矩阵、评分排序方法进行路面预防性养护时机的确定 ;挖掘了目前路面预防性养护时机选取方法中存在的不足。根据路面破坏的复杂性以及目前路面预防性养护时机选取方法的不足 ,提出应对措施 ,路面预防性养护时机研究应该在一个多标准、基于路面性能的基础上进行 ;在路面结构性能良好的情况下 ,基于预防性养护的路面功能性能衰变是进行路面预防性养护时机研究的关键     

灾害间接经济损失的计量

本文研究了三种灾害间接经济损失的计量，即间接停减产损失、中间投入积压增加损失和投资溢价损失。利用了城市投入──产出表所表达的产业关联关系估计了由于生产的联锁性造成灾害的进一步损失。并用上海市的实际数据对地震的间接经济损失作了预测计量。     

Flammability Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polycarbonate (PC) and Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) Recovered from End-of-Life Electronics

Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS), Polycarbonate (PC) and their alloys are widely used in automotive industry, computer and equipment housings. With increasing disposal of end-of-life electronic equipment, there is also an increased demand for recycling of these materials so that they do not pose environmental challenge as solid waste. One of the recycling approaches is mechanical recycling of these thermoplastics where recycled plastic is melt blended with virgin materials to obtain a high quality product. Besides obtaining desirable mechanical properties, such blends should also conform to fire safety standards. In this work, a series of blends were prepared using PC and ABS recovered from discarded computers and virgin materials using a twin-screw extruder. Their flammability properties were evaluated using burner flammability tests and Ohio State University (OSU) release rate tests. It was found that the extinguishing time, burning extent and weight loss appears to progressively decrease with the addition of both virgin or recycled PC to virgin or recycled ABS. It was also seen that the addition of the 70% of PC, virgin or recycled, to ABS virgin or recycled, appears to significantly decrease heat release and smoke evolution. The results of this study indicate that recycled polycarbonate can be used as an additive for virgin or recycled ABS, as a means of giving flame resistance to ABS in high-value applications. This result is significant when related to the result obtained by a separate study indicating that up to 25% of recycled material can be used without degradation of mechanical properties in the presence of 15% short glass fiber reinforcement.     

罐区气体泄漏PHOENICS数值模拟研究

基于紊流模式理论,在考虑重力影响的基础上,建立储气罐区气体泄漏扩散数学模型,并采用计算流体力学软件PHOENICS(双曲性,抛物性或椭圆型数值求解综合编码)对该数学模型进行数值求解。在油气安全综合平台上,通过选用二氧化碳作为泄漏物,红外二氧化碳传感器采集来的实验数据与PHOENICS模拟数据进行比较,发现误差较小。同时表明,借用该软件模拟储气罐区气体泄漏的扩散问题是可行的。运用该法也能为气体泄漏、火灾方面的研究提供一条便利的捷径。研究结果还可以为液化气与毒气罐区气体泄漏事故应急处理提供参考依据,同时对罐区浓度探测点位置的安放也有重要指导意义。     

ABS简支梁缺口冲击强度的测量不确定度评定

按GB/T 1043.1-2008测定了ABS的简支梁缺口冲击强度,分析了测量结果不确定度的来源,确定了不确定度的评定方法.用B类评定方法对冲击试验机和游标卡尺的示值误差引入的不确定度进行了评定;用A类评定方法对反复测量的随机误差引入的不确定度进行了评定.采用相对不确定度计算了合成不确定度,并计算了扩展不确定度,其结果...     

利用粉煤灰输送与贮存系统处置粘胶纤维污水场污泥的研究

通过对粘胶纤维污水场的中和脱锌污泥、二沉池剩余污泥和煤灰水混合体的沉降性能实验,证实其固液分离性能良好;吸附与渗透实验取得了粉煤灰、亚粘土对锌、汞的吸附等温线和地下水影响预测所需的参数;并分析了灰泥混合流体对电厂原输灰系统和环境的影响。研究结果表明：利用粉煤灰输送与贮存系统处置粘胶纤维污水场污泥的处理工艺在技术上可行,操作简单、运行可靠、投资少,每年可节省污泥处理费用40.5万元。外排污染物达到国家排放标准。     

Energy consumption analysis of ABS plastic parts injected in a hybrid injection moulding machine

The energy analysis of injection moulding processes is influenced by complex interactions amongst the moulded part, its material, the injection machine, the process parameters and the environmental conditions. The availability of energy usage analyses that comprehend information on specific materials and machine kind is limited. This paper reports a study that estimates and analyses the power usage profile (PUP), the specific energy consumption (SEC), and the energy distribution at an operation level of two different injected parts made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and produced in a hybrid injection moulding machine. The methodology followed by the authors incorporates an experiment carried out in an industrial facility. A large sample size, and data-acquisition and data post-processing processes to obtain an accurate PUP and SEC are used. A breakdown of the energy consumed by the injection moulding process of the parts studied at an operation level using Sankey diagrams is discussed. The study results are used to identify strategies to reduce the energy consumed by the processes. The methodology employed, and the strategies reported could be used with other plastic parts regardless of the material and machine used. The results reported are new experimental data useful input for theoretical models.