张家口市洋河、桑干河流域水环境健康风险评价

张家口市洋河、桑干河流域近几年来水质持续改善,为逐步恢复流域水质和下游官厅水库饮用水备用水源功能提供了条件.文章利用水环境健康风险评价模型,选取了2006年该流域水质监测数据,对流域内10个监测断面由饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,该流域水体对人体健康危害最大的是化学致癌物Cr(VI),在各个监测断面中Cr(VI)的个人年风险均超过ICRP推荐的标准.同时,化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险超过非致癌物的个人年风险;因此对该流域水体的含化学致癌物Cr(VI)和As废水进行控制和治理是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径.     

浅议现代垃圾填埋场的大气污染及监测分析方法

造成垃圾填埋场大气污染的两大类污染物,其对环境、人体、动植物、器物和材料都有一定的危害,文章针对现代垃圾填埋场的大气环境污染,以硫化氢、氨、甲硫醇等重点大气污染因子为监测对象,结合实践总结了一部分垃圾填埋场的大气污染监测方案,包括布点原则、采样频率和时间、采样方法和分析技术,该监测方案可为现代垃圾填埋场的大气污染监测提供参考.     

WASP富营养化水质模型在GIS中的完全集成研究

模型与GIS的结合是水质模拟研究的发展趋势,但完全集成方式面临许多技术难点。通过分析WASP富营养化模型的原理,剖析其程序源代码的核心,并对其核心算法进行重新编程开发。把GIS擅长的工作完全交给GIS、把模型擅长的工作完全交给模型,模型从底层对GIS属性数据库进行直接读写,GIS对模型的起始和中间过程直接控制,实现了WASP富营养化水质模型在GIS中的完全集成。完全集成后,为WASP增加LH OAT全局参数敏感性分析功能。LH OAT全局参数敏感性分析方法集成了LH抽样与随机OAT方法的优点,在随机OAT的基础上融入LH抽样法,保证参数敏感性分析的强壮性及有效性。但LH OAT方法必须依靠复杂的计算机程序来实现,因为没有通用程序而限制了其推广应用。为此我们设计了LH OAT方法的通用程序,提高了水质模拟的性能和应用范围。这为模型与GIS的完全集成研究提供了成功案例和问题解决的新思路     

中国二元经济中水资源流转模式研究

农业用水效率低下及水资源在工农业两部门间的结构性短缺将成为我国经济转型中面临的主要资源问题之一。如何优化配置水资源,实现工农业两部门的"双赢"是经济发展面临的一个重要课题。文章基于刘易斯-费-拉尼斯模型对二元经济结构体制下水资源流转过程进行系统性的经济学阐述,进而得出水资源在工农业两部门中的流转是从无限供给状态到体现稀缺性的过程。并结合1949-2009年中国水资源的利用情况,对中国水资源在两部门经济中的流转进行了阶段识别和趋势研究,即"余水"流转、"低效水"流转和"竞争性用水"流转,从而为水资源流转的实际操作提供了学理性解释,并据此提出通过建设引水工程基础设施、完善用水额度和税费标准法律规范,健全水资源流转的农业补偿机制和加强农业生产部门节水意识宣传,以完善我国水资源流转制度的相应对策建议。     

Critical Review of Environmental Forensic Techniques: Part II

A multitude of forensic techniques are available for age dating and source identification, including aerial photography interpretation, corrosion models, the commercial availability of a chemical, chemical associations with discrete types of equipment, chemical profiling, degradation models and contaminant transport models. The success of these techniques in environmental litigation and their applicability to a particular fact situation is rarely discussed in the literature. When these techniques are introduced as scientific evidence, their governing assumptions and the adequacy of the underlying data are rigorously scrutinized and often, successfully challenged. The purpose of this paper is to review selected forensic techniques and discuss their merits so that the user can select the technique or combination of techniques most appropriate for the factual elements of the case.     

Fluid bed gasification – Plasma converter process generating energy from solid waste: Experimental assessment of sulphur species

Often perceived as a Cinderella material, there is growing appreciation for solid waste as a renewable content thermal process feed. Nonetheless, research on solid waste gasification and sulphur mechanisms in particular is lacking. This paper presents results from two related experiments on a novel two stage gasification process, at demonstration scale, using a sulphur-enriched wood pellet feed.Notable SO₂ and relatively low COS levels (before gas cleaning) were interesting features of the trials, and not normally expected under reducing gasification conditions. Analysis suggests that localised oxygen rich regions within the fluid bed played a role in SO₂’s generation. The response of COS to sulphur in the feed was quite prompt, whereas SO₂ was more delayed. It is proposed that the bed material sequestered sulphur from the feed, later aiding SO₂ generation. The more reducing gas phase regions above the bed would have facilitated COS – hence its faster response. These results provide a useful insight, with further analysis on a suite of performed experiments underway, along with thermodynamic modelling.     

Evidence for the Stepwise Behavioral Response Model (SBRM): the effects of Carbamate Pesticides on medaka (Oryzias latipes) in an online monitoring system

The Stepwise Behavioral Response Model (SBRM), which is a conceptual model, postulated that an organism displays a time-dependent sequence of compensatory Stepwise Behavioral Response (SBR) during exposure to pollutants above their respective thresholds of resistance. In order to prove the model, in this study, the behavioral responses (BRs) of medaka (Oryzias latipes) in the exposure of Arprocarb (A), Carbofuran (C) and Methomyl (M) were analyzed in an online monitoring system (OMS). The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized for patterning the obtained behavioral data in 0.1 TU (Toxic Unit), 1 TU, 2 TU, 5 TU, 10 TU and 20 TU treatments with control. Some differences among different Carbamate Pesticides (CPs) were observed in different concentrations and the profiles of behavior strength (BS) on SOM were variable depending upon levels of concentration. The time of the first significant decrease of BS (SD-BS) was in inverse ratio to the CP concentrations. Movement behavior showed by medaka mainly included No effect, Stimulation, Acclimation, Adjustment (Readjustment) and Toxic effect, which proved SBRM as a time-dependence model based on the time series BS data. Meanwhile, it was found that SBRM showed evident stress-dependence. Therefore, it was concluded that medaka SBR was both stress-dependent and time-dependent, which supported and developed SBRM, and data mining by SOM could be efficiently used to illustrate the behavioral processes and to monitor toxic chemicals in the environment.     

Uncertainties in a Baltic Sea Food-Web Model Reveal Challenges for Future Projections

Models that can project ecosystem dynamics under changing environmental conditions are in high demand. The application of such models, however, requires model validation together with analyses of model uncertainties, which are both often overlooked. We carried out a simplified model uncertainty and sensitivity analysis on an Ecopath with Ecosim food-web model of the Baltic Proper (BaltProWeb) and found the model sensitive to both variations in the input data of pre-identified key groups and environmental forcing. Model uncertainties grew particularly high in future climate change scenarios. For example, cod fishery recommendations that resulted in viable stocks in the original model failed after data uncertainties were introduced. In addition, addressing the trophic control dynamics produced by the food-web model proved as a useful tool for both model validation, and for studying the food-web function. These results indicate that presenting model uncertainties is necessary to alleviate ecological surprises in marine ecosystem management.     

BETR global--a geographically-explicit global-scale multimedia contaminant fate model

We present two new software implementations of the BETR Global multimedia contaminant fate model. The model uses steady-state or non-steady-state mass-balance calculations to describe the fate and transport of persistent organic pollutants using a desktop computer. The global environment is described using a database of long-term average monthly conditions on a 15° × 15° grid. We demonstrate BETR Global by modeling the global sources, transport, and removal of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5).