绵阳大气中二氧化硫浓度升高的原因探讨

针对1990年和1991年绵阳市SO_2浓度升高,尤其是1990年和1991年元月监测的SO_2浓度值更高。经研究发现监测采样时的气象条件对污染物测定值产生重要影响。     

How are Results from Critical Load Calculations Reflected in Lake Water Chemistry?

The Steady State Water Chemistry Model (SSWCM) is a common method for determinations of critical loadof acid and subsequently of critical loadexceedance for lakes. One way to verify the modeloutput, is to compare with chemical indicatorssuch as pH-value, alkalinity or ANC. When themedian chemical status (as ANC) is used 65% ofthe lakes responded according to the exceedancevalue. For these the calculated exceedanceresulted in violation of the critical chemicalvalue while non-exceedance gave no violation.Since biota react on extreme conditions a morecorrect evaluation should be based on minimumvalues for the chemical indicator. This raises thefraction of lakes responding to 78%. Non-exceedance is seldom found inlakes with acid conditions. The evaluationindicates that the calculation of critical load ofacidity by means of SSWCM is very reliable.     

The combined effects of biomass and temperature on maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate in domestic wastewater treatment

• Actual SAORs was determined using MLVSS and temperature. • Measured SAOR decreased with increasing MLVSS 1.1‒8.7 g/L. • Temperature coefficient (θ) decreased with increasing MLVSS. • Nitrification process was dynamically simulated based on laboratory-scale SBR tests. • A modified model was successfully validated in pilot-scale SBR systems. Measurement and predicted variations of ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) are critical for the optimization of biological nitrogen removal, however, it is difficult to predict accurate AOR based on current models. In this study, a modified model was developed to predict AOR based on laboratory-scale tests and verified through pilot-scale tests. In biological nitrogen removal reactors, the specific ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR) was affected by both mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration and temperature. When MLVSS increased 1.6, 4.2, and 7.1-fold (1.3‒8.9 g/L, at 20°C), the measured SAOR decreased by 21%, 49%, and 56%, respectively. Thereby, the estimated SAOR was suggested to modify when MLVSS changed through a power equation fitting. In addition, temperature coefficient (θ) was modified based on MLVSS concentration. These results suggested that the prediction of variations ammonia oxidation rate in real wastewater treatment system could be more accurate when considering the effect of MLVSS variations on SAOR.     

灾后企业选址问题的模型研究

建立了灾后企业选址的一种决策模型。对遭受自然或人为灾害打击中,不得不进行迁移的企业,如何实施有效的选址决策进行了研究,在给定假设的基础上,构造了一个非线性规划问题,提出了进行区位决策的迭代算法,并对如何解决已有多个企业及顾客有偏好的复杂情况进行了讨论,研究表明,在以市场竞争为导向的动态选址过程中,企业从最大程度地占有市场的目标出发,倾向于定位在一个特定的市场吸引点上。     

Modelling the dynamic air-water-sediment coupled fluxes and occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in a high altitude lake

The BIODEP model in terms of atmosphere-lake interactions was developed. The model was applied to an oligotrophic, dimictic high altitude lake (Lake Redo, Pyrenees) for a range of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. High altitude lakes, which receive their contaminant inputs uniquely from the atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport, provide ideal controlled environments for the study of the interactions between atmospheric depositional and water column biogeochemical processes. The BIODEP model was able to predict dissolved water concentrations and PCB accumulation in the lake sediment within a factor of 2. This shows that the BIODEP model captures the essential processes driving the sink of POPs in high altitude lakes and that POP occurrence in the lake is driven by direct atmospheric inputs with limited influence from the watershed. An important seasonal variability in water column concentrations is predicted which should have important implications in sampling strategies. Furthermore, it is shown that diffusive air-water exchange dominated the PCB dynamics in the lake, especially for the less chlorinated biphenyls.     

基于修正场模型的区域空间结构演变及空间整合〖HT2”SS〗——以泛长江三角洲为例

随着长江三角洲经济发展及其面临问题,长三角泛化已成为必然,研究泛长三角空间结构演变有利于正确认识和把握其空间发展态势,从而为泛长三角区域一体化进程提供问题依据。以场强模型为基石,根据扩散理论,构建了场对数扩散效应模型,从城市场这一新视角分析了泛长三角区域空间演进过程。泛长三角城市影响区自改革开放以来经历了疏点-“之”-“几”-“皮皮虾”-“鳊鱼”5种空间形态;根据这一空间形态极其演变规律提炼出疏点类型、散块类型、条带类型、团块类型、板块类型五种空间结构类型;在此基础上,由“以点建轴,以轴布面”思想,以产业结构整体升级为引导,对泛长三角区域进行空间整合,形成由三级中心城市、三级发展轴线以及内核城市群、邻接城市群和外缘城市群组成的核心-边缘结构三级产业城市群。     

基于改进模型的区域生态足迹动态分析——以江苏省南通市为例

20世纪90年代以来,生态足迹模型作为定量化可持续评价的重要理论方法得到了广泛的应用。基于传统生态足迹模型,结合遥感产品净初级生产力数据,构建了基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型,调整了均衡因子和产量因子,并增加了污染物账户。在此基础上,应用传统模型和改进后的模型分别计算了南通市2000~2013年的生态足迹。结果表明:(1)传统生态足迹模型和改进模型下的南通市2000~2013年人均生态足迹都是稳步增长的,改进后的模型变化较小;(2)南通市2000~2013年生态承载力虽有所波动,但整体上呈下降趋势;(3)南通市连续14年出现生态赤字,从2000年的0.308 6 hm~2/人上升到0.587 7 hm~2/人,生态系统处于不安全状态,生态系统的稳定性降低。可见,改进的生态足迹模型能更准确地反映研究区自然资源利用状况。最后,针对南通市生态不安全状况,从土地结构、能源消费等方面提出减少生态足迹的建议。     

成本效益、政策认知与农村居民点整理农户补偿满意度研究

政策执行是政策目标实现的重要环节,政策执行的本质是主体之间考虑利益得失的利益博弈过程,利益推动行为主体执行或违反政策。农户是农村居民点整理的直接利益主体,农户自身利益需求与补偿政策的差异表现为补偿满意度,明晰农户补偿满意度影响因素,对解决农户利益需求缺位,提高农村居民点整理政策执行效率意义重大。本文在理论分析农村居民点整理农户补偿满意度影响因素的基础上,结合典型区域扬州市刘集镇农户补偿满意度调查,应用有序Logit模型,分析个人特征、家庭特征、成本效益及政策认知等因素对农村居民点整理农户补偿满意度的影响。研究结果表明:(1)农户补偿满意度受其自身和家庭禀赋特征影响,家庭劳动力人数较多、非农就业为主的农户,对农村土地的依赖性较低,补偿满意度会相应提升。(2)农户补偿满意度受成本效益因素显著影响,提高耕作便捷度、改善出行交通,会降低通勤成本,增加受益感知,进而提高农户补偿满意度;而日常消费上升、原有宅基地面积较大,会增加农户参与整理的成本投入,降低农户补偿满意度。(3)农户补偿满意度受政策认知因素明显影响,正面的政策制定评价、较高的政策执行满意度及农民收入增加的价值认同,均将提高农户补偿满意度。因此,应合理评估宅基地价值,重视农村居民点整理政策的长期影响评价,综合考量农村居民点整理政策实施前后农户的总成本和综合效益确定合理的补偿标准,以优化利益分配格局。并通过推进配套制度改革完善、规范政策执行机制等措施提高整理区农户的社会福利及政策认同。     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

基于最低成本—周期模型的昆明市空间形态演变研究

在政治经济学背景下,由于政府力量和市场力量相互交融,城市形态演化遵循一定的周期性演变规律。基于1909~2008年间昆明市历史阶段的形态演化资料,运用参与式照片、R指数及高密度填充指数与低密度扩张指数分析了昆明市城市形态演化的周期性规律。结果表明,从理性的微观过程或个体行为及宏观过程或城市实践来看,城市形态演化包含了最低成本周期扩张模型,即低密度的扩张与高密度的填充;低密度的扩张由政府主导的基础设施建设投资所引导,而高密度的回填运动由集体与理性的个体企业所引发,故城市形态的宏观演化,是它本身的内在法则与外部机制的统一体。这一结果有助于解释更多有关土地使用及土地管理的信息,将帮助我们进行规划未来的城市发展。