崇明东滩沿海湿地生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型作为研究方法，根据沿海湿地生态系统的特点，建立一套沿海湿地生态系统适用的健康评价指标体系。以现有研究数据和统计资料为基础，对长江口崇明东滩湿地进行单因子和综合评价，分别计算其健康度、压力综合指数和响应综合指数。揭示崇明东滩湿地的生态系统健康状况以及形成原因，并提出保护对策和可持续利用的相关建议。研究结果表明：①崇明东滩湿地生态系统的健康度、压力综合指数和响应综合指数分别为0．72、0．64和0．79，总体上仍处于一个较为健康的状态；②崇明东滩湿地生态系统目前的主要压力并不直接来源于土地围垦，而是来源于水环境污染和外来生物入侵。     

唐山市灾害源分布、综合成灾模型及对策管理程序框图

本文对编制唐山市灾害源分布、综合成灾模型及对策管理程序的功能和总框图给予了简要说明,并结合唐山市各种灾害的情况阐述了该程序建立各部分的子框图的重要性和关键技术。     

Ecosystem Manipulation Experimentation as a Means of Testing a Biogeochemical Model

2 concentration, and global or regional temperature change. Such model projections are frequently used as the basis or justification for public policy decisions and legislation. A substantial need has therefore arisen to test and substantiate the veracity of mathematical model projections. Unfortunately, environmental models can never be truly validated because natural systems are never closed and model solutions are always nonunique. Partial model confirmation is possible, however, and entails demonstration of agreement between prediction and observation. Experimental ecosystem manipulation provides one of the best, and in many cases only, available basis for model confirmation. The use and potential misuse of data from experimental ecosystem manipulations for model testing is explored using examples drawn from the application of an acid–base chemistry model, MAGIC. As model projections provide an increasingly important basis for public policy decisions, and as both the scientific questions and the models become increasingly complex, it will become critical to provide data from a suite of well-designed ecosystem manipulation experiments in order to evaluate the quality and uncertainty of those model projections and the models upon which they are based.     

Dynamics of colony development in Polistes dominulus: a modeling approach

A simple model based on feedback mechanisms is developed to describe the dynamics of brood production and colony development of primitively eusocial paper wasps. The presence of pupae and empty cells stimulate egg laying, which varies between a basic rate and a physiological maximum. Newly hatched larvae are fed eggs, causing fluctuations in brood demography and forming cohorts of offspring. The basic feedback mechanisms produce emergent colony-level properties such as synchronized development of the brood and mature nest size. Results suggest that it is incorrect to imply colony decline from lack of nest growth, and that production of waves of offspring can be interpreted as the inevitable result of these simple feedback mechanisms rather than the solution to ultimate optimality criteria. Simulations using the parameters estimated in Polistes dominulus Christ are compared to studies of live wasps to test the validity of the model. Comparing simulated results with a perturbation experiment in nature suggests that feedback relationships establish a system that is robust and resilient against severe disturbance. Received: 20 January 1996/Accepted after revision: 27 April 1996     

滑坡灰色系统预测模型及其应用

本文在分析目前国内外滑坡灰色预测预报模型基础上，提出了一种新的滑坡灰色系统预测预报模型。该模型相对於过去常用的灰色模型考虑了更多的影响因素，有更高的可信度。它不仅可用作滑波的临滑预报，还可用于般监测信息的预测。     

Process-based calibration of WRF-Hydro in a mountainous basin in southwestern U.S.

The National Water Model (NWM) will provide the next generation of operational streamflow forecasts across the United States (U.S.) using the WRF-Hydro hydrologic model. In this study, we propose a strategy to calibrate 10 parameters of WRF-Hydro that control runoff generation during floods and snowmelt seasons, and due to baseflow. We focus on the Oak Creek Basin (820 km²), an unregulated mountainous sub-watershed of the Salt and Verde River Basins in Arizona, which are the largest source of water supply for the Phoenix Metropolitan area. We calibrate the model against discharge observations at the outlet in 2008–2011, and validate it at two stream gauging stations in 2012–2016. After bias correcting the precipitation forcings, we sequentially modify the model parameters controlling distinct runoff generation processes in the basin. We find that capturing the deep drainage to the aquifer is crucial to improve the simulation of all processes and that this flux is mainly controlled by the SLOPE parameter. Performance metrics indicate that snowmelt, baseflow, and floods due to winter storms are simulated fairly well, while flood peaks caused by summer thunderstorms are severely underestimated. We suggest the use of spatially variable soil depth to enhance the simulation of these processes. This work supports the ongoing calibration effort of the NWM by testing WRF-Hydro in a watershed with a large variety of runoff mechanisms that are representative of several basins in the southwestern U.S.     

我国区域产业梯度转移中的环境风险及对策

近年来,我国SO₂和COD 2种主要污染物的排放强度逐年下降.以1998年主要污染物排放总量为基数,分析了1998─2007年我国东、中、西部地区的主要污染物排放总量,结果表明,相对于东部地区,中、西部地区污染没有得到更好的控制. 采用古诺模型研究该现象可知,中、西部地区有些地方通过对国家环境政策的“非完全执行”来吸引产业转移,使污染企业转移成为我国区域产业梯度转移的伴生现象. 因此,有必要有序推进产业梯度转移,强化产业梯度转移中的环境正效应,通过严格执行国家环境政策来防范环境风险,从而实现整体环境质量的改善.      

俄罗斯布里亚特共和国植被NPP对气候变化的时空响应

以遥感和气象数据为主要数据源,运用改进后的CASA模型,估算了俄罗斯布里亚特共和国2000-2008年的植被NPP,并验证了模型的精度,分析了该地区植被NPP的时空变化规律及其与气候因子的相互关系。研究结果表明:时间上,植被NPP年际上呈现为在波动中上升,月份上表现为先升后降的趋势;空间上,植被NPP随经度的增加而增大,随纬度的增加而减小,由西南到东北逐渐递增的趋势;不同植被类型的NPP也不同,从大到小依此为:草地与沼泽林>森林>森林与草原>稀树草原>高山植被。其变化主要受气温和降水量变化的作用。改进后的CASA模型运用于布里亚特共和国植被NPP估算的精度较高。该研究对中国北方植被NPP估算和生态跨境研究具有借鉴意义。     

农户生态移民意愿及影响因素研究——基于新疆三工河流域的农户调查

基于农户访谈与问卷调查,对新疆三工河流域农户的生态移民意愿、移民效果与留居意愿进行调查,并采用Logistic模型对农户移民意愿与留居意愿的主要影响因素进行分析。研究结果显示:①家庭人口数、人均纯收入、主要收入来源、非农收入比重和参与退耕还林情况是影响农户搬迁意愿的主要因素,家庭人口数量越少,非农收入比重越大,对生态环境保护重要性的认知越强,就越能接受生态移民政策;②移民工程对河谷内生态环境改善作用显著,促进了退耕还林进程,草场压力有所缓解,但移民农户没有得到妥善安置,影响了农户家庭收入,其对定居点生产条件与生活环境评价较低,42.35%的农户认为搬迁后生活质量变差;③移民农户的留居意愿普遍不强,71.92%的农户想搬回原居住地,生活质量变化、定居点灌溉条件与耕地质量是影响其留居意愿的主要因素。政府应着力改善定居点水土资源条件与基础设施建设,提供农业技术培训,鼓励外出务工,以增加农户经济收入,改善生产生活环境,加强农户移民与留居意愿,促进移民工程的顺利实施。     

城市下水道污水水质模型的开发与应用

建立了下水道水质转化概念模型,以ASM3(活性污泥3号模型)为基础开发了下水道污水水质数学模型,通过模拟试验,运用遗传算法和曲线拟合技术进行了模型率定与参数估值.模型经现场试验验证可较好地模拟下水道中的ρ(DO)与ρ(TOC)的变化.应用该模型进行数值模拟,探讨了初始ρ(DO)和水力停留时间(HRT)等可控因素对下水道中微生物作用及有机质降解的影响.结果表明,在下水道中设置曝气点,可提高污水的ρ(DO),能有效地提高微生物增殖速率,强化有机物的生化降解能力.