唐山市大气自动监测子站整体代表性分析

利用１９８５年至１９８７年三年大气监测数据，对唐山市大气自动监测子站整体代表性作了系统分析，结果表明，子站布局合理，各子站监测的ＳＯ２、ＴＳＰ年均值，季均值相对误差，百分位数相对误差符合《国家环境监测网络大气监测点位验收标准》规定的指标，具有整体代表性。     

The Precision of Precipitation Chemistry Measurements in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)

Precision estimates are presented for precipitation chemistry and depth measurements made by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). The estimates were made for daily measurements of ion concentration and precipitation depth as well as for weekly, 28-day, seasonal and annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and depths. The data on which the estimates are based were collected from collocated samplers at five CAPMoN sites during the period 1985 to 1993. The data pairs from the collocated samplers were used to calculate the between-instrument error defined as 1/2 times the difference between the paired sample concentrations (or depths). For all of the ion concentrations and depths, the between-sampler errors were found not to be normally distributed, but the normality of the distributions improved with the length of the (volume-weighting) time period considered. A set of quantitative measures of overall network precision were derived in absolute (mg L^-1) and relative (%) units. These included the Modified Median Absolute Deviation (M.MAD), the P90% probability values and the Coefficient of Variation (CoV). The latter, defined as the percent ratio of the M.MAD to the median concentration (or depth), represents the relative precision at the center of the error and concentration (and depth) distributions. Based on the CoV values, the relative precision of the CAPMoN measurements was very high (better than 4%) for SO ₄ ^2- , NO ₃ ^- , pH, H⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , sample depth and standard gauge depth, and not as high (between 10 and <35%) for Cl^-, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺. The ions with the lowest median concentrations had the poorest relative precision since so many of the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limit. Except for the sample and standard gauge depths, both the absolute and relative precision improved with the length of the precipitation-weighting period. Detailed statistical testing established that the precision of the daily measurements is dependent on a number of factors, the most dominant being sample depth and concentration, i.e., the absolute precision improves with increasing sample depth and decreasing concentration. The strength of these relationships diminished with the length of the precipitation-weighting period being considered. Laboratory-related sources of imprecision were found to account for less than 4% of the overall daily measurement imprecision for most species, while field-related sources of imprecision accounted for the balance. Specialized plots are shown which allow data users to estimate the absolute and relative precision at any concentration and depth value.     

乌鲁木齐市大气TSP中苯并（a）芘及碳质成分的测定与变化规律的研究

报导了乌鲁木齐市两年内大气TSP中苯并(a)芘及碳质成分含量的分析结果、污染程度及变化规律,为乌鲁木齐城市环境综合整治定量考核,加强环境管理,进一步防治大气污染提供了科学依据.     

纳米材料催化净化燃煤烟气中NOx的新技术

现有的氮氧化物治理技术，虽已取得了一些成果，但都存在一定缺点。通过综合分析催化剂在氮氧化物治理中的应用研究现状，提出以介孔沸石分子筛为载体，以纳米过渡金属Fe、纳米CaO等为助催化剂，纳米TiO2为主催化剂，进行光催化氧化反应降解燃煤烟气中氮氧化物的研究方法，并从分子反应机理上进行了分析。该技术不仅具有高效经济的工业应用前景，而且对保护大气环境具有重要意义。     

环境空气中大气颗粒物源解析的研究进展

介绍了国内外用于大气颗粒物源解析研究的受体模型的进展情况，对受体模型的研究体系，测量分析技术、研究方法作了详细阐述，并对源解析近期的研究热点及发展趋势作了评述。     

Long- and short-chain AHLs affect AOA and AOB microbial community composition and ammonia oxidation rate in activated sludge

Quorum sensing (QS) regulation of the composition of ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) communities and functions in wastewater treatment was investigated. Specifically, we explored the role of N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in microbial community dynamics in activated sludge. On average, the specific ammonia-oxidising-rate increased from 1.6 to 2.8?mg?NH₄⁺-N/g?MLSS/hr after treatment with long-chain AHLs for 16?days, and the addition of AHLs to sludge resulted in an increased number of AOA/AOB amoA genes. Significant differences were observed in the AOA communities of control and AHL-treated cultures, but not the AOB community. Furthermore, the dominant functional AOA strains of the Crenarchaeota altered their ecological niche in response to AHL addition. These results provide evidence that AHLs play an important role in mediating AOA/AOB microbial community parameters and demonstrate the potential for application of QS to the regulation of nitrogen compound metabolism in wastewater treatment.     

Impact of land-use types on nitrate concentration and δN in unconfined groundwater in rural areas of Korea

An understanding of the long-term changes in the nitrate contamination pattern of unconfined groundwater is critical to conservation of drinking water in rural areas supporting mixed land-use activities such as cropping, livestock farming, and residence. To examine the effect of different land-use activities on nitrate contamination, groundwater samples were collected monthly for 3 years (1997–1999) from 12 wells in rural areas with different land-use activities and analyzed for the concentrations and N isotopic ratios (δ¹⁵N) of nitrate. The characteristics of nitrate contamination clearly differed with land-use activities. The percentages of samples that had a nitrate concentration exceeding the national standard for drinking water (10 mg N L⁻¹) were 0, 23, 43, and 67% for the uncontaminated natural area, cropping area, cropping-livestock farming complex area, and residential area, respectively. The range of δ¹⁵N values was between +1.4 and +4.5‰ for groundwater nitrate from the uncontaminated natural area. In the cropping area, the δ¹⁵N values were slightly different with the type of fertilizer applied to fields in the vicinity of the well, and the values ranged between +8.7 and +14.4‰ for the compost-applied area and between +4.5 and +8.5‰ for the area where urea was applied with compost. The δ¹⁵N values of the cropping-livestock farming complex area ranged from +1.0 to +17.7‰, probably resulting from mixed contamination sources (inorganic fertilizer and livestock manure). The well located closest to the livestock feedlot had relatively higher δ¹⁵N values, with a range between +8.7 and +17.6‰. In the residential area, a higher δ¹⁵N (most frequently above +10‰) of nitrate suggested that the major source of contamination was effluent from leaky septic tanks. Our data showed that unconfined groundwater is susceptible to land-use activities above the aquifers, and the impacts of the activities could be more precisely inferred from long-term data on the concentration and δ¹⁵N of nitrate. By determining the impacts, more effective (specific to contamination sources) measures for preventing groundwater quality could be implemented.     

基于灰局势决策的火灾形势评价方法

简要介绍灰局势决策的基本原理。以灰局势决策的多目标方案选优思想为基础,运用灰局势决策中统一效果测度的计算方法,对火灾统计数字进行灰处理。通过对反映火灾形势的4项基本指数进行测度变换、测度运算等处理,将原先相对独立的统计数字统一到一个可以涵盖原有数据有效信息的单一测度之下,从而得到一个可以评价各参评时段之间相对火灾形势的综合指标,以此为依据实现了对火灾形势的综合评价。结合实例,具体说明基于灰局势决策的火灾形势评价方法的操作过程。     

关于死亡赔偿计算方法的探讨

目前我国关于死亡事故的赔偿标准一是太低,二是标准不一致.由此产生的后果不仅使私了现象增多,增加了社会隐患而且怂恿了极个别肇事者采取故意至受伤者死亡的手段来减少自身的赔偿损失,严重危害了基本的人性道德标准.本文在认真分析的基础上,提出了"生命损失赔偿理论"的新思路,即针对死亡者因生命丧失带来的三大损失提出了科学的赔偿理论依据和计算方法,使死亡赔偿力求做到:客观、公正、科学、合理.