城市土地资源中生态环境承载力指标体系的构建及应用——以北京市为例

根据DPSIR模型构建了城市土地资源中生态环境承载力的指标体系,该体系的创新之处在于通过结构化的指标设计将生态环境与人口、经济、社会发展和管理等其他要素纳入统一分析框架,充分考察了各要素之间的密切关联。在实证分析方面,以北京市为例,对其2011—2014年土地资源中生态环境承载力的相关指标变动趋势情况进行分析。结果表明:人口增长与经济增长两大驱动力指标持续上升,对土地资源带来的压力持续存在且逐年增大;城市建设用地的压力不断增大,居住用地造成的压力最为显著;从反应指标和状态指标看,北京市在努力加强城市绿化和生态保护工作,但影响指标目前尚无显著改善,大气污染和水资源短缺等情况仍不容乐观。最后,针对如何评价和提升城市土地资源中生态环境的承载力提出了政策建议。     

青岛奥运帆船赛区及邻近海域海水环境质量分析与评价

2002年7月对青岛市2008年奥运会帆船赛区及邻近海域监测,结果表明,海水质量总体状况良好,能够满足功能要求,无机氮、铅和粪大肠菌群在局部海域略有超标。今后仍要有针对性的加大治理力度,确保2008年奥运会帆船比赛的顺利进行。     

生态环境监理——天津市大港区的探索

环境保护包括污染防治和生态保护两大方面 ,目前 ,在污染源治理取得明显效果 ,生态环境遭受不同程度破坏的情况下 ,实施生态环境监理势在必行。大港区环保局就生态环境监理开展了探索性的工作。     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

A review of gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in atmospheric chemistry modelling

The atmospheric chemical mechanism is an essential component of airshed models used for investigating the chemical behaviors and impacts of species. Since the first tropospheric chemical mechanism was proposed in the 1960s, various mechanisms including Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), Carbon Bond Mechanism (CBM), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) have been developed for different research purposes. This work summarizes the development and applications of these mechanisms, introduces their compositions and lumping methods, and compares the ways the mechanisms treat radicals with box model simulations. CBM can reproduce urban pollution events with relatively low cost compared to SAPRC and RACM, whereas the chemical behaviors of radicals and the photochemical production of ozone are described in detail in RACM. The photolysis rates of some oxygenated compounds are low in SAPRC07, which may result in underestimation of radical levels. As an explicit chemical mechanism, MCM describes the chemical processes of primary pollutants and their oxidation products in detail. MCM can be used to investigate certain chemical processes; however, due to its large size, it is rarely used in regional model simulations. A box model case study showed that the chemical behavior of OH and HO₂ radicals and the production of ozone were well described by all mechanisms. CBM and SAPRC underestimated the radical levels for different chemical treatments, leading to low ozone production values in both cases. MCM and RACM are widely used in box model studies, while CBM and SAPRC are often selected in regional simulations.     

直岗拉卡水电站工程生态环境的影响分析

直岗拉卡水电站地处青藏高原,是黄河上游第4个梯级电站,工程所处区域属生态环境十分敏感和脆弱的青藏高原。论文在阐述直岗拉卡水电站工程影响区生态环境基本特征的基础上,度量了该区域生物多样性及电站运行后对生态环境的影响程度,提出了相关对策。分析表明,直岗拉卡水电站工程在实施严格的环境保护措施后对生态环境的影响是可以接受的。     

废干电池中锌和汞的分布及其处理

由于民众缺乏环境意识和国家没有相应法规 ,大多数废干电池都随手丢弃 ,回收的废电池处于不同程度的腐蚀状态。介绍了锌、汞在废干电池中的分布状态以及腐蚀对其分布的影响 ,并根据它们的分布特点提出用真空法回收废干电池中的锌、汞。     

水污染综合指数评价方法与应用分析

分析了我国河流水质综合评价方法的现状以及运用水污染综合指数评价河流水质的方法 ,同时应用实例采用不同方法对综合指数进行了计算 ,通过对计算结果进行比较评价分析 ,综合加权计算方法的结果比较符合实际 ,而且直观明了     

哑铃湾网箱养殖对水环境的影响

2002-04～2003-01对哑铃湾不同网箱养殖区水质和底泥的实地监测调查和分析表明,哑铃湾网箱养殖对环境的影响主要是:①使得养殖水环境中营养盐、BOD、COD、有机质和TSS增加,尤其是PO₄^3--P和NH₃-N增加更为明显;②使得底泥沉积物中N、P、硫化物、有机质等大量富集,其中富集现象最明显的是P、硫化物和NH₄-N,其次是TN和有机质.     

危险品罐区突发性泄漏事故实时环境风险模拟分析

分析了危险品罐区突发性泄漏事故的动态发展过程,并给出了具体的数学描述.将危险物质的最高允许浓度(MAC)、阈限值(TLV)、最小致死浓度(LCL0)以及美国环保局(EPA)工业环境实验室建立的针对生态系统的周围多介质环境目标值AMEGAE引入到环境风险分析中,建立了针对人和生态系统的环境危害程度分级标准.采用基于数学模型的模拟方法,结合苯储罐突发性泄漏事故,对苯泄漏速率、泄漏后在地表形成的液池的池半径和苯的蒸发速率进行了实时描述.采用改进后的重气扩散模型———箱模型(BoxModel)以及将连续泄漏看作连续的瞬时泄漏,模拟计算了地面附近苯蒸气浓度随时间和空间的分布,并根据文中建立的环境危害程度分级标准,对苯泄漏事故造成的实时动态环境危害进行了分析.